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ENGLISH TURKISH GRAMMAR PDF
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TURKISH GRAMMAR
TURKISH GRAMMAR
CONTENTS
| Turkish Grammar Practice |
3 |
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| Contents |
9 |
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| Logical, Morphemic, and Oral Sequencing |
13 |
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| The Turkish Grammar |
16 |
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| The Turkish Vowel and Consonant Harmony |
17 |
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| The Vowel Harmony Sequence |
17 |
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| The Consonant Harmony |
19 |
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| Morphemes and Their Allomorphs |
22 |
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| Derivational Morphemes and Their Allomorphs |
23 |
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| Morphemes Attached to Nouns to Produce Nouns |
23 |
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| Morphemes Attached to Nouns to Produce Adjectives |
24 |
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| Morphemes Attached to Adjectives to Produce Nouns |
27 |
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| Morphemes Attached to Verbs to Produce Nouns |
28 |
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| Morphemes Attached to Verbs to Produce Adjectives |
32 |
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| Morphemes Attached to Nouns to Produce Verbs |
33 |
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| Morphemes Attached to Adjectives to Produce Verbs |
34 |
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| Inflectional Morphemes and Their Allomorphs |
34 |
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| Nominal Phrases |
37 |
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| Adverbs and Adverbials |
40 |
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| The Transformational Activity of the Logic |
41 |
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| Form and Function in Languages |
44 |
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| Using Adjectives as Adverbs |
46 |
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| Inflectional Morphemes |
48 |
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| Defining [İ] Morpheme and Its Allomorphs [i, ı, ü, u] |
48 |
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| The [LE], [LE.YIN] and [E], [DE], [DEN] Inflectional Morphemes |
53 |
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| [LE] allomorphs: [le, la] |
53 |
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| [LE.YIN]: |
54 |
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| [E], [DE], [DEN] and [LE] Morphemes |
54 |
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| [E] allomorphs: [e, a] |
56 |
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| [DE] allomorphs: [de, da, te, ta] |
62 |
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| [DEN] allomorphs: [den, dan, ten, tan] |
64 |
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| “Possessive + Owned” Noun Compounds (İsim Tamlamaları) |
66 |
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| Definite Noun Compounds (Belirtili İsim Tamlamaları) |
66 |
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| Indefinite Noun Compounds (Belirtisiz İsim Tamlamaları) |
73 |
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| Noun Compounds Without Suffixes (Takısız Tamlamalar) |
74 |
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| Noun + Infinitive Compounds (İsim Mastar Tamlamaları) |
75 |
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| Prepositions and Postpositions (Edatlar or İlgeçler) |
77 |
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| Primary, Secondary, and Weak Stresses, and Intonation |
78 |
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TURKISH GRAMMAR
| [E], [DE], [DEN] Morphemes + Postpositions |
87 |
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| The Inflectional Morphemes Attached to Verbs |
94 |
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| Linking Verbs |
95 |
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| Linking Verbs Past |
100 |
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| The Present Modals with Verb “be” |
107 |
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| must be |
107 |
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| can’t be |
108 |
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| may be |
109 |
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| may not be |
110 |
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The Interrogative Sentences Whose answers are "Yes" or "No" 111
| must be, have to be, should be, ought to be, needn’t be |
113 |
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| have to be (zorundayım) |
114 |
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| needn’t be (gerek yok) |
115 |
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| The Simple Past Verb “be” |
115 |
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| Interrogative Words |
119 |
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| [MİŞ] (Rumor, Inference) (söylenti, anlam çıkarma) |
123 |
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| The Future Form of “be” (will be) |
125 |
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| “there is”, “there are”; “have, (have got)” |
126 |
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| there used to be, there used to have |
127 |
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| there must (may) be, there can’t be, there is going to be |
128 |
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| Imperatives and Wishes |
128 |
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| Wish |
130 |
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| The Simple Present Tense (Geniş Zaman) |
132 |
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| The Verbs Ending with Vowels or Consonants |
136 |
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| ET, YAP, OL, İŞLE, KAYDET,SAĞLA |
137 |
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| The Negative Form of The Simple Present Tense |
139 |
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| The Simple Present Positive Question |
141 |
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| The Simple Present Negative Question |
142 |
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| The Question Words Used in the Simple Present Tense |
144 |
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| The Present Continuous and the Present Perfect Continuous |
146 |
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| The Verbs That Are Not Used In The Simple Present In Turkish |
151 |
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| Turkish Verb Frames (Türkçede Fiil Çatıları) |
153 |
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| Transitive and Intransitive Verb Frames |
153 |
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| Reflexive Verb Frames |
154 |
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| The Passive Transformation of the Intransitive Verb Frames |
155 |
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| Reciprocal Verb Frames (İşteş Fiil Çatıları) |
157 |
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| Both Transitively and Intransitively Used English Verbs |
159 |
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| The Simple Past and the Present Perfect |
165 |
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| Miş’li Past Tense (Rumor and Inference) (Miş’li Geçmiş) |
173 |
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8
ENGLISH TURKISH GRAMMAR
| The Simple Future and “be going to” |
177 |
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| The Past Continuous Tense |
180 |
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| The Past Perfect Continuous Tense |
184 |
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| Was (were) going to |
185 |
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| used to |
186 |
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| The Rumor Forms of The Simple and The Continuous Tenses |
187 |
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| The Past Perfect Tense |
189 |
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| The Future Continuous Tense |
190 |
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| The Future Perfect Tense |
191 |
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| Infinitives (Mastarar) |
192 |
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| The [mek, mak] Infinitives |
192 |
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| The [me, ma] Infinitives |
192 |
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| The [iş, ış, üş, uş] Infinitives |
192 |
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| The [dik, dık, dük, duk, tik, tık, tük, tuk] Infinitives |
192 |
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| Where and How the Infinitives Are Used |
194 |
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| 1.(a) The [mek, mak] Infinitives Used as Subject |
194 |
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| 1.(b) The [mak, mak] Infinitives Used before Postpositions |
194 |
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| 1.(c) The [mek, mak] Infinitives Used as Objects of “iste” |
196 |
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1.(d) The [mek, mak] Infinitives Used Attached to [DEN] Morph. 196
| 2.(a) The [me, ma] Infinitives Used Attached to Noun Compoun |
198 |
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| 2.(b) “noun+infinitive”-[İ], and “V-[me-/y/i], V-[ma]-/y/ı] |
199 |
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| 2.(c) “noun+infinitive”-[e, a] |
203 |
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| 2.(d) “noun+infinitive” Compounds Followed by [den, dan] |
203 |
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| 3.(a) “noun+infinitive”-[İ], [E], [DE], [DEN] |
205 |
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| 4.(a) possessive noun+ V-[dik, dık, dük, duk, tik, tık, tük, tuk] |
205 |
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| The Passive Infinitive |
206 |
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| Modals |
208 |
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| Present Modals |
208 |
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| can, may [ebil, abil] |
208 |
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| must [meli, malı] |
212 |
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| have to (zorunda) |
214 |
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| needn’t (don’t have to) |
215 |
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| should (ought to) |
216 |
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| Past Modals |
218 |
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| Could |
218 |
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| was (were) able to |
219 |
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| would, could (polite request) |
220 |
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| Perfect Modals |
221 |
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| must have |
221 |
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9
ENGLISH TURKISH GRAMMAR
| can’t (couldn’t) have |
223 |
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| should have (ought to have) |
224 |
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| may have |
226 |
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| might have |
226 |
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| needn’t have |
227 |
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| didn’t need to |
228 |
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| Transformations (English) |
228 |
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| Nominalization of the Simple English Sentences |
229 |
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| The Transformation of the Simple Sentences into Modifiers |
234 |
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| The Productivity of the Natural Languages |
236 |
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| TheTransformed Simple Sentences Used as Adverbial Clauses |
238 |
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| Turkish Sentence Nominalizations |
240 |
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| Turkish Simple Sentence Nominalization |
243 |
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| Transformed Nominal Phrases |
244 |
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| The infinitives with [me, ma]: |
246 |
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| The infinitives with [dik, dık, dük, duk, tik, tık, tük, tuk]: |
246 |
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| Simple Sentence Nominalization 1: V - [DİK] - [pers] - ([İ]) |
247 |
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| The Simple Future Tense: “V-[ecek, acak]-[pers]-[İ]” |
248 |
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| The Past Perfect: “V-[miş, mış, müş, muş] + ol-[duk]-[pers]-[İ]” |
248 |
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| The Future Perfect “V-[miş, mış, müş, muş] + ol-[duk]]-[pers]-[İ |
248 |
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| Simple Sentences with the Verb root “ol” (be) |
249 |
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| Chain Noun Compounds |
249 |
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| 2. V- [DİK]- [pers]-([İ]) |
253 |
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| V-[MİŞ] + ol-[duk]-[pers]-([İ]) |
255 |
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| Nominalized Phrases Containing “question words” |
256 |
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| Turkish “Modifier + Noun” Compounds |
258 |
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| Simple Sentences and Transformed Nominal Phrases |
264 |
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| The Passive Transformation and the Passive Verb Frames |
266 |
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| The Verb Frames |
269 |
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| The Structural Composition of the Causative Verb Frames |
269 |
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| A Short List of Verb Frames |
270 |
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| Causative Verb Frames Examples |
276 |
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| Thw Passive Causative |
277 |
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| Some Example Sentences of the Verb Frames |
277 |
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| Adverbial Clauses (Postpositional Adverbial Phrases) |
324 |
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| Time |
325 |
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| before |
325 |
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| after |
330 |
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| when and while |
331 |
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10
ENGLISH TURKISH GRAMMAR
| while |
334 |
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| as soon as |
337 |
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| until |
338 |
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| “by” and “by the time” |
341 |
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| since |
342 |
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| Cause or Reason |
344 |
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| Contrast (Rağmen) |
346 |
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| Purpose |
348 |
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| Place |
352 |
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| Manner |
353 |
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| as |
353 |
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| as if (as though) |
355 |
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| Result |
356 |
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| so … that such … that |
357 |
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| o kadar + adjective + noun-time + ki |
358 |
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| “too + adjective + to + V + için” and “adjective + enough + to + |
359 |
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| Degree |
360 |
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| Comparative Degree |
360 |
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| Superlative Degree |
362 |
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| Positive or Negative Equality |
363 |
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| Parallel Proportion (Koşut Uyum) |
364 |
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| Wish |
365 |
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| wish + would |
365 |
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| wish + past subjunctive |
366 |
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| wish + past perfect or perfect modal |
368 |
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| Conditional Sentences |
368 |
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| Present Real Supposition |
369 |
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| Present Unreal (contrary to fact) Supposition |
372 |
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| Past Real Supposition |
373 |
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| Past Unreal (contrary to fact) Supposition |
374 |
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| Orders and Requests |
375 |
|
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| Plain Orders and Requests |
376 |
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| Polite Requests |
376 |
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| Polite Refusals |
378 |
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| Offers |
378 |
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| { verb- [İP] } |
379 |
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| Question Tags ( değil mi?) |
380 |
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| So do I (Neither do I) |
481 |
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| Conjunctions and Transitional Phrases |
382 |
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11
ENGLISH TURKISH GRAMMAR
| Intensifiers |
389 |
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| Roots, Stems and Verb Frames |
394 |
|
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| Morphemic and Oral Sequences |
395 |
|
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| Symbols and Abbreviations |
397 |
|
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| References |
398 |
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Note: The aim of this colored revised version of this book is not to make the pages look colorful, but to show the functional parts of the sentences in different colors.
They are as follows:
- Subjects and personal allomorphs are blue.
- Verbs are red.
- Objects, nouns, prepositions and coordinating conjunctions are black.
- Adverbs, adverbials, adverbial phrases and subor-dinating conjunctions are green.
- Subject and object complements are brown.
- Adjectives and Modifiers are purple.