The Conditional Form Present Tense Conditional The Present Conditional If there is, If there are is formed by adding the Conditional Suffix ‑sa/‑se if as the following examples show: varsa If there is, If there are. Tepede bir lokanta varsa, orada yiyelim. If there is a cafe on the hill, let us eat there .Ağaçta meyve varsa, onu koparırım. If there is any fruit on the tree, I will pick it. yoksa If there is not, If there are not. Garajda hiç araba yoksa, o zaman bir taksi tutun. ["taxi tutmak" to take/catch a taxi] If there isn't a car in the garage, then catch/take a taxi. Yeşil kutuda kibrit yoksa, çakmağını kullan. [familiar imperative] If there are no matches in the green box, use your lighter. Yeşil kutuda kibrit yoksa, çakmağınızı kullanın. [polite imperative] If there are no matches in the green box, use your lighter. Past Conditional The Conditional Past If there was, If there were the forms with var becoming varsaydı and yok becoming yoksaydı are not widely used. The forms with the verb olmak to be/to become and olmamak not to be/not to become may be used instead. olsaydı If there was, If there were. Tepede bir lokanta olsaydı, orada yerdik. If there had been a cafe on the hill, we would have eaten there. Tepede bir lokanta olmuş olsaydı, orada yerdik. If there had been a cafe on the hill, we would have eaten there. Ağaçta meyve olsaydı, onu koparırdım. If there had been any fruit on the tree, I would have picked it. "olmasaydı" If there was not, If there were not. Garajda hiç araba olmasaydı, taksi tutacaktım. If there had not been a car in the garage, I would have taken a taxi. Garajda hiç araba olmamış olsaydı, taksi tutacaktım. If there had not been a car in the garage, I would have taken a taxi. Yeşil kutuda hiç kibrit olmasaydı, çakmağımı kullanırdım. If there weren't any matches in the green box, I would have used my lighter. Yeşil kutuda hiç kibrit olmamış olsaydı, çakmağımı kullanırdım. If there hadn't been any matches in the green box, I would have used my lighter Kırmızıda geçmemiş olsaydım, kadın yaşayacaktı. Kırmızıda geçmiş olmasaydım, kadın yaşayacaktı. Kırmızıda geçmeseydim, kadın yaşayacaktı. are all different ways of saying If I hadn't passed on the red light, the lady would have still lived. The Inferential Form The Inferential It seems that there is/was is used when the subject has no eyewitness knowledge. It is used for reporting and inference. The Inferential is formed by adding the suffix ‑miş as the following examples show. The Inferential Suffix ‑miş is used for both the Present Tense and the Past tense: "varmış" It seems there is" Deniyor ki tepede bir lokanta varmış, [eğer] öyleyse orada yiyelim. It is said there is a cafe on the hill, if so let us eat there. Ağaçta çok meyve varmış. It seems there is a lot fruit on the tree. "yokmuş" It seems there is not" Garajda araba yokmuş. (I think that) there is not a car in the garage. Yeşil kutuda kibrit yokmuş, mavi olanına [olan‑ı‑n‑a] bakın. (I think that) there are no matches in the green box. have a look in the blue one. At the beginning of fairy tales Turkish usually says Bir varmış, bir yokmuş where English says Once upon a time. An explanation of olan the which one olanı One [the one that] [Lit: that which is] as an item olanları Ones [the ones that] [Lit: those which are] as items Hangi tişörtü istiyorsunuz? Which tee‑shirt do you want? Mavi olanı(nı) lütfen. The blue one, please. Hangi ayakkabıları istiyorsunuz? Which shoes do you want? Siyah olanları(nı) lütfen. The black ones, please. The verb istemek to want does not take an Object Condition in questions but in answers the direct object ending is grammatically correct and the verb istemek to want is understood. As with all languages sometimes the easy way is used and the direct object suffix is discarded though constant daily conversational usage. Forms with "iken" "while" "varken" While there is This formation is var + iken producing varken while there is varken While there is, As there is Tepede bir lokanta varken, başkasını açmıyorlar. While there is a cafe on the hill, they will not open another one. Ağaçta çok meyve varken, onu koparalım. While there is a lot fruit on the tree, let us pick it. "yokken" While there is not. Similarlyyok + iken produces yokken while there is not yokken While there isn't, As there isn't Siz evde yokken çiçeğiniz susuz kalmasın. [Lit: While you are not at home do not let your flowers remain water-less.] Hazır garajda araba yokken, oraya bisikletimizi bırakalım. As there is not a car in the garage, let us put our bicycles in it. Yeşil kutuda kibrit yokken, ateşi yakamam. While there are no matches in the green box. I cannot light the fire. Enumeration using Var and Yok When enumerating lists of things var or yok are placed after each item. In English the greengrocer may tell us that he has apples, tomatoes, onions, cherries, etc. In Turkish he will say elma var, domates var, soğan var, kiraz var, vs. If a question is asked that contains a var mı? or a yok mu? the the answer must always be var or yok, whereas in English we tend to use Yes or No as an answer. Turkish does not use the words hayır or evet in answer to a question that contains a var or a yok. Dolapta bir bardak yok mu? Isn't there a tumbler in the cupboard? Answer: var, /evet var or yok, hayır yok accordingly. Kilitte anahtar var mı? Is the key in the lock?. Answer: var or yok accordingly. The English answers can be Yes [it is] or No [it isn't]. However the Turkish answers must simply be Var there isor Yok there isn't Ownership "I have/haven't got" There is no verb to have or to have got in Turkish for "to have something" as in I have a new car. or Have you got a new car? or Do you have any anything cheaper? All these kinds of sentences use var or vardır for to have (got) and in the negative sense yok or yoktur for not to have (got). The addition of ‑dır or its vowel harmonic equivalents does not alter the meaning, its use is optional, but it does show that the Statement is a Fact. It is seen as vardır there (definitely) is or yoktur there (definitely) is not in Public Notices and Advice. In general conversation the simple form is the commonly used. To say I have a cat or I have got a cat the possessive adjective Suffix my, your, his, our is attached to the item which is possessed with var to have or yok not to have. Positive Examples var have got Kedim var. [kedi‑m var] I have a cat, I have got a cat. Köpeğin var. [köpeğ‑in var] ou have a dog, You've got a dog. Arabası var. [araba‑s‑ı var] He/she has a car, He's got a cat. Evimiz var. [ev‑imiz var] We have a house, We have got a house. Bahçeniz var. [bahçe‑niz var] You have a garden, You have got a garden. Şişeleri var. [şişe‑leri var] They have a bottle, They have got a bottle. Negative Examples yok have not got Kedim yok. [kedi‑m yok] I do not have a cat, I have not got a cat. Köpeğin yok. [köpeğ‑in yok] You do not have a dog, You have not got a dog. Arabası yok. [araba‑s‑ı yok] He/she doesn't have a car, He has not got a cat. Evimiz yok. [ev‑imiz yok] We do not have a house, We have not got a house. Bahçeniz yok. [bahçe‑niz yok] You do not have a garden, You have not got a garden. Şişeleri yok. [şişe‑leri var] They do not have a bottle, They have not got a bottle. Explanation of Difference in Turkish English for to have, to have got. Kedim var. I have a cat, I have got a cat. [Lit: There is a my cat.] In the sentence above the first person singular Possessive Adjective suffix ‑im states "whose cat it is", and in this case it tells us that I have a cat by using var Kedin(ız) yok. You haven't got a cat. [Lit: There isn't a your cat.] The Second Person Possessive Adjective suffix ‑in(iz) states that You haven't got a cat by using yok. It is the Possessive Suffix which tells us WHO OWNS the object. Positive Questions Using the Positive Question var mı? Is there? Are there? Evin var mı? Have you got a house? [Lit: Is there a your house?] The literal translation is Is there a your house? English says "Have you got a house?". Kedisi var mı? Has he/she got a cat? [Lit: Is there a his/her cat? ] The Third Person Singular Possessive Adjective Suffix ‑(s)i tells us whose cat it is. In this case it asks us if Has he/she got a cat? Evleri var mı? [Ev‑leri their house] Have they got a house? [ Lit: Is there a their house?] Negative Questions Using the Negative Question yok mu? Isn't there?, Aren't there? Evimiz yok mu? Haven't we got a house? [Lit: Isn't there an our house?] The First Person Plural Possessive Adjective suffix ‑imiz asks us whose house it is, and in English it asks "Haven't we got a house?" Eviniz yok mu? Haven't you got a house? [Lit: Isn't there a your house?] The Second Person Possessive Adjective suffix ‑iniz asks us "Haven't you got a house?" Evleri yok mu? [Ev‑leri their house] Haven't they got a house? [Lit: Isn't there a their house?]. All the above sentences have been turned into question form by adding the question tag ‑mi? according to Vowel Harmony Rules. Positive Examples var mı? is there?, are there? Kedim var mı? [kedi‑m var mı?] Do I have a cat?, Have I got a cat? Köpeğin var mı? [köpeğ‑in var mı?] Have you a dog?, Have you got a dog?, Do you have a dog? Arabası var mı? [araba‑s‑ı var mı?] Has he/she a car? Has he/she got a car? Evimiz var mı? [ev‑imiz var mı?] Have we a house? Have we got a house? Bahçeniz var mı? [bahçe‑niz var mı?] Have you a garden? Have you got a garden? Şişeleri var mı? [şişe‑leri var mı?] Have they a bottle? Have they got a bottle? Negative Examples yok mu? isn't there? Kedim yok mu? [kedi‑m yok mu?] Have I not got a cat? Do I not have a cat? Köpeğin yok mu? [köpeğ‑in yok mu?] Do you not have a dog? Have you not got a dog? Arabası yok mu? [araba‑s‑ı yok mu?] Doesn't he/she have a car? Has he/she not got a car? Evimiz yok mu? [ev‑imiz yok mu?] Have we not a house? Have we not got a house? Bahçeniz yok mu? [bahçe‑niz yok mu?] Do you not have a garden? Have you not got a garden? Şişeleri yok mu? [şişe‑leri yok mu?] Do they not have a bottle? Have they not got a bottle? Some Examples of Possession The Conditional or Inferential of var: varsa, varmış etc. and of yok: yoksa, yokmuş, etc. can be used with the Possessive Forms. Yeni bir arabanız var mı? Have you got a new car? Yeni bir arabamız olsaydı, beraber/birlikte kasabaya gidebilecektik? If we had a new car, we could have gone to town together? Orhan'ın yeni arabası varmış. (It seems that) Orhan has/had a new car. Şekeriniz var mı, lütfen? Do you have any sugar, please? Şekeriniz yoksa, sade içeyim. If you do not have sugar, I'll drink it without. Boş vaktimiz var mı? Have we got time to spare? Boş vakitleri/zamanları olsaydı, bize gelirdiler/gelirlerdi. If they had had time, they would have come to us. vakit "a point in time" is one of the nouns which loses final vowel when suffixed with another vowel. See Ch. 7 (apocopation) Cevabı yok. He/she hasn't got the answer. Cevabı yoksa. If he/she hasn't got the answer. Elmaları yok. They haven't got any apples. Elmaları yokmuş. (It seems that) they haven't got any apples. Elmaları yok mu? Haven't they got any apples? Mehmet'in kedisi var. Mehmet has got a cat. Mehmet'in kedisi varken, köpeğimi onunla bırakamam. While Mehmet has got a cat, I cannot leave my dog with him. Sadece az param var. I've only a little money. Ali 'nin parası var mı? Has Ali got any money? Yeterli param varsa, yeni araba alırım. If I have enough money, I'll buy a new car. Ama o kadar yokmuş gibi geliyor. But it seems that (like) I have not got that much (money) "Var and Yok" Peronalised Var and yok can also take the personal endings of the verb to be "I am, you are, etc" varım I am there/I'll be there yokum I am not there/I'll not be there varsın You are there/You will be there yoksun You are not there/You will not be there var He/She/It is there He/She/It will be there yok He/She/It is not there He/She/It will not be there varız We are there/We will be there yokuz We are not there/We will not be there varsınız You are there/You will be there yoksunuz You are not there/You will not be there varlar They are there/They will not be there yoklar They are not there/They will not be there When stating the future olmak to become can also be used var olacağım I will be there. In practice the shorter way as in the table above is used in conversation. The words here used like varım, varsın, var, varız can also have the meaning I am in!, when talking about interference into an issue. Bugün "futbol oynama" var mısın? Are you in for "playing football" today? Can be answered Evet, varım. or Hayır, ben yokum. "Open the Box!" TV Show This was a TV show in Turkey. The contestant has a closed box. There are also 20 other closed boxes. Every box contains an amount of money. The boxes contain 1 million TL, 250.000, 100.000, 1.000, and the rest contain 1 TL. The contestant does not know which boxes, including his own, contain which amount. In first round, 6 boxes are opened, next round 5, then 4,and then 3 and then 2. At the end of each round a proposal of money is made. The contestant can choose to go on for his own box, or accept these proposals. The moderator asked the contestant at the end of each round, "Bu para için var mısın, yok musun?". "Are you in or out for this money?" The answer "Yokum!" "Im out!", "Varım!" "I'm in!" The TV show was called "Var mısın?, yok musun?". "Varsa" and "Yoksa" Present Conditional Personalised Varsa and Yoksa "If I'm there/If I'm not there" varsam If I am there/I'll be there yoksam I am not there/If I'll not be there varsan If you are there/If you'll be there yoksan If you are not there/If you will not be there varsa If he is there am there/If he'll be be there yoksa If he is not there/If he will not be there   varsak If we are there/If we'll be there yoksak If we are not there/If we will not be there varsanız If you are there/If you'll be there yoksanız If you are not there/If you will not be there varsalar If they are there/If they will be there yoksalar If they are not there/If they will not be there Olsaydı and Olmasaydı Past Conditions Personalised In Past Conditions var and yok are replaced by the verb olmak to be/become olsaydım If I'd been there olmasaydım If I'd not been there olsaydın If you had been there olmasaydın If you not been there olsaydı If he had been there olmasaydı If he had not been there olsaydık If we had been there olmasaydık If we had not been there olsaydınız If you had been there olmasaydınız If you had not been there olsaydılar If they had been there olmasaydılar If they had not been there "Varmış" and "Yokmuş" the Indefinite "‑miş" form Personalised. Varmış and Yokmuş the Indefinite ‑miş form. varmışım possibly I am/was there/I'll be there yokmuşum possibly I am/was not there/I'll not be there   varmışsın possibly you are/were there/you'll be there yokmuşsun possibly you are/were not there/you'll not be there varmış possibly he is/was there/he'll be there yokmuş possibly he is/was not there/he'll not be there varmışız possibly we are/were there/we'll be there yokmuşuz possibly we are/were not there/we'll not be there varmışsınız possibly you are/were not there/you'll not be there yokmuşsunuz possibly you are/were not there/you'll not be there varmışlar possibly they are/were there/they'll be there yokmuşlar possibly they are/were not there/they'll not be there This form, which is in constant use, actually means something like I am there, I'll be there, I'll not be there.. Yarın ofiste yokum. I will not be at the office tomorrow. Yarın ofiste yokmuşum. I will probably not be at the office tomorrow. Evde var mısın? Are you at home? Kimse var mı? Is anybody there? Kimse(cik) yokmuş. It seems there is nobody (here). Kimse(cik) yok. There is nobody (here). Yalnız mıyız? Are we alone? Hayır. Onlar da var. No, there's them as well. Gelecek toplantıda ben de varım. I'll be at the next meeting as well. Idiomatic Use Neyimiz var neyimiz yok depremde kaybettik. We lost everything what we had/have in the earthquake. Could also be stated thus: Varımızı yoğumuzu depremde kaybettik. We lost everything what we had/have in the earthquake. Used as a noun yok softens its final ‑k to ‑ğ when adding a suffix which begins with a vowel (Ch.3) [yoğ‑umuz‑u = our nothings (obj.)] Vaktin varsa, sonra görüşelim. Let us meet later on, if you have time. Saat onda ofiste yokmuşsun. It seems you were not at the office at 10 o'clock. Varsa yoksa Varsa yoksa annesi. meaning the person is very keen on his mother (a little exaggeration and derision also exists). Varsa yoksa bilgisayar. is used when talking about someone who spends a lot of time in front of the computer. Finally, the "Yok Yok" Shop What's in a name? This shop really does belie its name "the shop with no stock", but you would be wrong in that assumption: The notion "yok" is "yok" means "yok" doesn't exist. Hence, that means, everything exists! Bugün pazara gittim, pazarda yok yoktu. This expresses that there were plenty of things available in the bazaar.   Ch. 14 : Verbs The Infinitive The Infinitive A description. The infinitive is the noun form of a verb that has no inflection to indicate person, number, mood or tense. The Infinitive can take suffixes and personal pronouns as required. The Standard Infinitive ending in ‑mek or ‑mak which is often abraded to ‑me or ‑ma by dropping the final ‑k. Forming the Infinitive of Turkish Verbs The Positive Infinitive is formed by adding ‑mek or ‑mak to the verb stem gelmek [gel‑mek] to come, almak [al‑mak] to take. The choice of adding ‑mek or ‑mak is bound by the Rules of Vowel Harmony. There is a separate Infinitive form for the negative verb The negative is characterized with the negative particle ‑me‑ or ‑ma (according to vowel harmony rules) added to the positive verb stem. Thus the negative verb root becomes gelme‑ not come or alma‑ not take. By adding the infinitive suffix ‑mek or ‑mak we arrive at the negative verbs gelmemek [gelme‑mek] to not come and almamak [alma‑mak] to not take. This method of forming the negative is true for all verbs in Turkish. Infinitive: E‑Dotted Verbs For verbs of the E‑Dotted Group with e i ö ü in verb stem the suffix ‑mek signifies the positive verb and ‑memek signifies the negative of the verb. vermek [ver‑mek] to give vermemek [verme‑mek] not to give bilmek [bil‑mek] to know bilmemek [bilme‑mek] not to know görmek [gör‑mek] to see görmemek [görme‑mek] not to see gülmek [gül‑mek] to laugh gülmemek [gülme‑mek] not to laugh Indinitive: A‑UnDotted Verbs For verbs of the A‑UnDotted Group with a ı o u in verb stem the suffix ‑mak signifies the positive verb and ‑mamak signifies the negative of the verb. yapmak [yap‑mak] to do, make, perform yapmamak [yapma‑mak] not to do ağrımak [ağrı‑mak] to ache ağrımamak [ağrıma‑mak] not to ache kopmak [kop‑mak] to snap kopmamak [kopma‑mak] not to snap kurumak [kuru‑mak] to dry kurumamak [kuruma‑mak] not to dry The Infinitive as an Object of a Verb The Infinitive being a noun can take all the suffixes that any other noun takes. The Object case (suffix ‑(y)ı ‑(y)i ‑(y)u ‑(y)ü as an object of the main verb unutmak to forget. Often the main verb has two objects with the ‑i suffix. The last example below "The window" together with "its opening" are both in the Objective case of being "forgotten" as the main verb. Geçen hafta ödevimi yapmayı unuttum. I forgot to do my homework last week. Garajdan arabamı almayı unuttum. I forgot to pick up (take) my car from the garage Ali, sana söylemeyi unuttu. Ali forgot to tell you. Affedersin, seni aramayı unuttuk. We're sorry, we forgot to call you. [a secondary meaning of aramak is to call on the telephone.] Filmi izlemeyi unuttum. I forgot to watch the film. Kediyi beslemeyi unuttum. I forgot to feed the cat. Mehmet'i sormayı unuttunuz You forgot to ask Mehmet. Kapıyı kapamayı unuttum. I forgot to close the door. Pencereyi açmayı unuttular. They forgot to open the window. About Verbal Objects Some main verbs take Movement Towards suffix ‑(y)e/‑(y)a as their objects when the verb itself signifies movement towards. In English saying she is starting to write then the infinitive yazmak to write is the object of the verb she is starting, and consequently must be suffixed to show its relationship to the verb. As the verb başlamak to start, begin signifies movement of some sort it governs the Movement Towards Condition in Turkish ‑a or ‑e. To effect the addition of the Movement Towards suffix to yazmak the final ‑k of ‑mek or ‑mak is dropped and the resulting verbal noun yazma is treated as a normal object by the addition of the Movement Towards Condition suffix ‑(y)a so yazmak to write becomes yazmaya başladı she started to (to) write/she started writing. While translating in English we use The Present Continuous Participle in ‑ing [a verbal noun] so the above is often rendered in the following manner: yazmak to write becomes Bir mektup yazmaya başladı. She started writing a letter. She started to write a letter. Yüzmek to swım becomes. Tam saat sekizde yüzmeye başlayacağız. We well start to swim right on eight o’clock. Special Case istemek to want The verb istemek to want is a special case as it causes no modification of the verb it governs: Yazmak istiyorum I want to write. İçmek istiyorlar. They want to drink. Kalmak istemedin. you didn't want to stay. Çalışmak istemeyecekler. [iste‑me‑yecek‑ler[ They will not want to work. This also applies in English, we also cannot say I want writing or they want drinking. The object pointer is not required by istemek to want as the concept of "wanting." does not affect the verb being governed in any way. However if istemek governs anything other than a verb then the objective case must be used. In the examples below that istemek is not governing the verb kalmak directly, but it governs a person. Hence the direct object pointer is required: Kalmamanızı istiyoruz. [Kalmama‑nız‑ı] We want you not to stay. Kalmanızı istemiyoruz. [Kalma‑nız‑ı] We do not want you to stay. Kalmasını istemiyorlar. [Kalma‑sı‑n‑ı] They don't want him to stay. Kalmamalarını istemiyorum. [Kalmama‑ları‑n‑ı] I don't want them not to stay. Formation of the Short Infinitive Verbal Noun To effect the addition of the suffixes to the infinitive the final ‑k of ‑mek or ‑mak is dropped and the resulting verbal noun then ends in ‑ma or ‑me. The short Infinitive of the verb içmek to drink becomes içme. Buffer letter -y- is used to keep suffixes apart. The Positive Verb içmek to drink, to smoke a cigarette drops it final ‑k and is used to form içme drinking, smoking as a noun. With the addition of the accusative case it becomes içmeyi [içme‑ye] the drinking, the smoking as the object of a verb. Similarly the Movement Toward Object is becomes içmeye. [içme‑ye] as the dative object of a verb The Negative Verb forms its Verbal Noun by dropping its terminal ‑k in a similar fashion içmemek not to drink forms içmeme not drinking, not smoking as a noun. The Negative Accusative then becomes Direct Object: içmemeyi [içme‑me‑y‑i] the not drinking, the not smoking Dative Object: içmemeye [içmeme‑y‑e] to the not drinking, to the not smoking. The infinitive yazmak to write forms Verbal Noun yazma the writing thence forms the Movement Toward Condition Object yazmaya [yazma‑y‑a] to the writing. Examples of Verbal Nouns in English As natural English speakers, do not realize when we are using Verbal Nouns in English. In order to to understand Turkish both written and spoken then we must learn to recognize them. The writing is on the wall. The drinking of this water is prohibited. Smoking is not allowed in the foyer. Leave your suitcase in the waiting room. He is working in the drying shed. About Conversational Stress The Short Infinitive ending in ‑me/‑ma could mistaken for the negation suffix ‑me but the difference is shown by conversational stress. As a Positive Verbal Noun then the stress is on itself as in içMEyi. When it is a Negative Verbal Noun, then the stress is on the preceding syllable İÇmemeyi. The negative suffix ‑me/‑ma itself is never stressed in conversation but always throws the stress on to the previous syllable. Examples of Suffixed Infinitives Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation rules are followed when adding the standard suffixes, also the buffer letter ‑y‑ is used to keep vowel suffixes apart. Gelmeye çalıştı. He tried [to] to come. [the verb çalışmak takes a Movement Toward Suffix to try to] Yüzmeyi severim. I like to swim. [Lit: I like the swimming] Onu yapmaktayım. I am just doing it. [Lit: in/at doing it] Sigara içmeyi bıraktım. [Direct Object suffix içme‑y‑i] I have given up [the] smoking. Adding Suffixes to the Standard Infinitive in ‑mek The infinitive is a noun and be suffixed with any of the noun condition suffixes. Positive Infinitive gelmek to come and the Negative Infinitive gelmemek not to come. The Extended Infinitive Forms Positive Verb gelmek to come gelmeye to come (daive obj.) gelmeyi to come (obj.) gelmekte in coming gelmekten from coming gelmekle by/with coming Negative Verb gelmemek not to come gelmemeye to not to come (dative obj.) gelmemeyi not to come (obj.) gelmemekte in not coming gelmemekten from not coming gelmemekle by/with not coming Kesmekten bıraktı. He stopped [from the] cutting. Sürmeyi öğreniyorum. I am learning [the driving] to drive. Gülmemeye çalışıyorlar. They are trying not to [to] laugh. The Personalised Infinitive When the standard infinitive takes the personal pronoun endings it drops its final ‑k of ‑mek or ‑mak in all persons. Positive Verb gitmek to go gitmem my going gitmen your going gitmemiz our going gitmeniz your going gitmeleri their going Negative Verb gitmemek not to go gitmemem my not going gitmemen your not going gitmememiz our not going gitmemeniz your not going gitmemeleri their not going The Abilitative Infinitive Form "can, can't" Positive Verb of Ability gidebilmek to be able to go gidebilmem my being able to go gidebilmen your being able to go gidebilmesi his being able to go gidebilmemiz our being able to go gidebilmeniz my being able to go gidebilmeleri your being able to go Gitmesini bekledim. [gitme‑si‑ni Objective Condition] I expected him to go. Gidebilmesini bekledim. [gidebil-me‑si‑ni Objective Condition] I expected him to be able to go. Negative Verb of ability gidememek to not be able to go gidememem my not being able to go gidememen your not being able to go gidememesi his not being able to go gidemememiz our not being able to go gidememeniz your not being able to go gidememeleri their not being able to go Mehmet'in gelememesini bildim. [Mehmet'‑in gel‑e‑me‑me‑si‑ni bil‑dim.] I knew that Mehmet could not come. Onların gelememelerini bilmiyordum. [Onlar‑ın gel‑e‑me‑me‑leri‑ni bil‑m‑iyor‑dum.] I did not know that they could not come. These personal forms can further be extended by the addition of noun condition suffixes: Kalmanızı istiyorum. I want you to stay. Kalabilmenizi istiyorum. I want you to be able to stay. Kalmamanızı istiyoruz We want you not to stay. Kalmanızı istemiyoruz. We do not want you to stay. Kalmamanızı istemiyoruz. [Kalma‑ma‑nız‑ı iste‑mi‑yoruz] We do not want you not to stay. Kalmasını istemiyorlar. They don't want him to stay. Kalmamalarını istemiyorum. I don't want them not to stay. The Heavy Infinitive -meklik/maklık : This is formed by affixing ‑lık or ‑lik to the standard Infinitive for the positive verb. The final ‑k of ‑mek is often dropped when adding the ‑lik suffix. The negative is slightly different in that the ‑mek or ‑mak changes to ‑mez or ‑maz. gelmek becomes gelmezlik bakmamak becomes bakmazlık The meaning of the heavy infinitive is the same as the standard infinitive and is only used when there may be ambiguity in the context. The heavy infinitive is little used. The heavy infinitive can also have personal pronouns and or case endings added to it. It does not however drop its final ‑k of ‑lik as does the common infinitive when suffixes are added although this final ‑k will mutate to a final ‑ğ when necessary before an added vowel. gelme(k)lik to come gelmezlik not to come gelme(k)liğim my coming gelmezliğimiz our not coming gelme(k)liğin your coming gelmezliğiniz your not coming gelme(k)likleri their coming gelmezliği his not coming How to say "To pretend (not) to" The heavy infinitive is little used except for the following "special case": The use of the Negative of the Heavy Infinitive in the ablative case followed by the verb gelmek means to pretend not to. This "pretend not to" form is a reduplicated negative: bakmazlık becomes bakMAmazlık meaning to not NOT to see It is mentioned here because in this form it is daily use. Bana görmemezlikten geldi. He pretended (not) see me. Onu görmemezlikten geliyorsunuz. You are pretending (not) to see it. Ayşe hanımı sevmemezlikten gelir misiniz? Are you pretending (not) to like Miss Ayşe? This construction is a special locution and only used with gelmek as an auxiliary verb. It is used widely to mean "To pretend not to" görmemezlikten gelmek ignore görmemezlikten gelmek turn a blind eye görmemezlikten gelmek overlook görmemezlikten gelmek look through görmemezlikten gelmek give someone the go by görmemezlikten gelmek close ones eyes to görmemezlikten gelmek pretend not to see   Ch. 15 : The Verb "To be" The Verb "to be" Positive The verb "to be" is a defective verb "imek" whose stem was "i‑" which is found in four forms of vowel harmony "i ı u u". It also mutates to "‑y" in the past and other forms when being suffixed to a word. This is no longer important in learning Turkish, but it does give the reason for many of the suffixes in modern use for the verb "to be". The verb "to be" is used to describe a State of Being. The house is blue. Mehmet was ill. It will be a quick journey. If it is a big house. If it had not been out of sight. The Verb "to be" takes the form of a suffix in Turkish. It is subject to Vowel Harmony, and Consonant Mutation when added to words ending in a hard consonant. Present Tense "to be" ‑dir The Present Tense verb "to be" takes the form of a suffix as follows: "to be" Present Singular ‑im ‑ım ‑üm ‑um I am ‑yim ‑yım ‑yüm ‑yum I am [Buffer ‑y‑ after vowels] ‑sin ‑sın ‑sün ‑sun you are ‑dir ‑dır ‑dür ‑dur he/she/it is ‑tir ‑tır ‑tür ‑tur [After ç f h k p s ş t] "to be" Present Plural ‑iz ‑ız ‑üz ‑uz We are ‑yiz ‑yız ‑yüz ‑yuz We are [Buffer ‑y‑ after vowels] ‑siniz ‑sınız ‑sünüz ‑sunuz you are ‑dirler ‑dırlar ‑dürler ‑durlar they are ‑tirler ‑tırlar ‑türler ‑turlar [After ç f h k p s ş t] The First Persons use Buffer ‑Y‑ when added to a vowel. The Third Person ‑dir/‑dirler suffixes change to ‑tir/‑tirler when added to unvoiced consonants ç f h k p s ş t due to Consonant Mutation. The -dir Third Person suffix is often omitted in conversation. It is only used for emphasis or official advice and public notices. This omission not does not apply to the past tense -di as shown below. Past Tense "to be" ‑di The past tense endings are used in all persons although sometime the ‑ler/‑lar of the plural form is omitted in conversation. As every person suffix in the past tense begins with a ‑d then it follows that every person can be subject to consonant mutation to ‑t when added to a word ending in a hard consonant. "To be" Definite Past Singular Suffixes ‑idi‑ The -di Definite Past tense endings are used for Statements of Fact and events witnessed by the speaker:Mehmet, bahçededı. [bahçe‑de‑dı] Mehmet was in the garden. [Meaning: I (actually) saw him in the garden.] The Buffer Letter ‑y‑ is used to keep vowels apart by mutating the first vowel of the Past Tense endings ‑idim etc. to ‑ydim etc. ‑(y)dim ‑(y)dım ‑(y)düm ‑(y)dum I was ‑tim ‑tım ‑tüm ‑tum [After (ç f h k p s ş t] ‑(y)din ‑(y)dın ‑(y)dün ‑(y)dun you were ‑tin ‑tın ‑tün ‑tun ‑(y)di ‑(y)dı ‑(y)dü ‑(y)du he/she/it was ‑ti ‑tı ‑tü ‑tu ‑(y)dik ‑(y)dık ‑(y)dük ‑(y)duk we were ‑tik ‑tık ‑tük ‑tuk ‑(y)diniz ‑(y)dınız ‑(y)dünüz ‑(y)dunuz you were ‑tiniz ‑tınız ‑tünüz ‑tunuz ‑(y)diler ‑(y)dılar ‑(y)düler ‑(y)dular they were ‑tirler ‑tırlar ‑türler ‑turlar "To be" Indefinite Past Singular Suffixes ‑imiş‑ The Indefinite Past suffixes are used for hearsay, supposition and un‑witnessed events: "Mehmet is/was probably in his garden." supposition is understood "Because he is nearly always there". ‑(y)mişim ‑(y)mışım ‑(y)müşüm ‑(y)muşum (it seems) I was ‑(y)mişsin ‑(y)mışsın ‑(y)müşsün ‑(y)muşsun you were ‑(y)miş ‑(y)mış ‑(y)müş ‑(y)muş he/she/it was ‑(y)mişiz ‑(y)mışız ‑(y)müşüz ‑(y)muşuz we were ‑(y)mişsiniz ‑(y)mışsınız ‑(y)müşsünüz ‑(y)muşsunuz you were ‑(y)mişler ‑(y)mışlar ‑(y)müşler ‑(y)muşlar they were The -miş Indefinite Past tense endings are used for Hearsay and events un-witnessed by the speaker: Mehmet, bahçedemiş. [bahçe‑de‑miş] Mehmet was in the garden. [Meaning: I suppose Mehmet is in the garden.] Past Tense "to be" Stand-alone Form The Past Tense Positive also has an stand-alone form which is not subject to vowel harmony. It takes its form from the defunct verb "imek". It is written separately after the word it affects. Using this form is a matter personal taste. it is often found in newspapers and books. The Present Tense does not have an independent form, it is always as suffix. "to be" Past Singular Stand alone Past Definite Stand‑alone idim I was idin you were idi he/she/it was idik we were idiniz you were idiler they were Fenerbahçe, bizim futbol takımızdan daha kötü idiler. The Fenerbahche were worse than our football team. Past Indefinite Stand‑alone imişım (it seems) I was imişsin you were imiş he/she/it was imişiz we were imişsiniz you were imişler they were Tembel hiç değil imişsiniz. It seems that you are not lazy after all. Vowel Harmony of the Verb "to be" Both the present and past obey the rules of vowel harmony, which are summed up as follows: The A‑UnDotted Group Final vowel ‑a or ‑ı is followed by ‑ı in suffix. yaşlıyız [yaşlı‑yız] we are old. yaşlıydık [yaşlı‑ydık] we were old. Independent form yaşlı idik yaşlıymışız [yaşlı‑ymışız] probably we were old. Independent form yaşlı imişiz hastayım [hasta‑yım] I am ill. hastaydım [hasta‑ydım] I was ill. Independent form hasta idim hastaymışım [hasta‑ymışım] probably I was ill. Independent form hasta imişim Final vowel ‑o or ‑u is followed by u in suffix. bir vazodur [vazo‑dur] it is a vase. bir vazoydu [vazo‑ydu] probably it was a vase. Independent form bir vazo idi bir vazoymuş [vazo‑ymuş] it was a vase. Independent form bir vazo imiş yorgunsun [yorgun‑sun] you are tired. yorgundun(uz) [yorgun‑dun(uz)] you were tired. Independent form yorgun idin(iz) yorgunmışsın(ız) [yorgun‑mışsın(ız)] probably you were tired. Independent form yorgun imişsin(iz) The E‑ Dotted Group Final vowel ‑e or ‑i is followed by i in suffix. bir deredir [dere‑dir] it is a stream. bir dereydi [dere‑ydi] it was stream. Independent form bir dere idi bir dereymiş [dere‑ymiş] it was stream. Independent form bir dere imiş zenginsin [zengin‑sin] you are rich. zengindin(iz) [zengin‑din(iz)] you were rich. Independent form zengin idin(iz) zenginmişsin(iz) [zengin‑mişsin(iz)] you were rich. Independent form zengin imişsin(iz) Final vowel ‑ö or ‑ü is followed by ü in suffix. bir gözdür [göz‑dür] it is an eye. bir gözdü [göz‑dü] it was an eye. Independent form bir göz idi bir gözmüş [göz‑müş] it was an eye. Independent form bir göz imiş Türk' türler [Türk'‑türler] they are Turkish. Türk' tüler [Türk'‑tüler] they were Turkish. Independent form Türk idiler Türk' müşler [Türk'‑müşler] they were Turkish. Independent form Türk imişler Consonant Mutation The present and past tense suffixes which begin in ‑d‑ undergo consonant mutation ‑dir becomes ‑tir and all the past tense suffixes beginning in ‑di become ‑ti after a final hard consonant the letters ç f h k p ş s t. Consonant Mutation Present Tense and Past Tense "to be" The suffixes in brackets are omitted in familiar conversation. büyük(tür) it is large büyüktü it was large [definite past] büyükmüş it was large [indefinite past] genç(tirler) they are young gençtik we were young gençmişiz we were young yavaşsın(ız) you were slow çabuktun(uz) you were quick çabukmuşsun(uz) you were quick sabah(tır) it is morning sabahtı it was morning sabahmış it was morning bir mektup(tur) it is a letter bir mektuptu it was a letter bir mektupmuş it was a letter Mehmet('tir) It is Mehmet Mehmet' ti It was Mehmet Mehmet' miş It was Mehmet bir sepet(tir) it is a basket bir sepetti it was a basket bir sepetmiş it was a basket bir virüs(tür) it is a virus bir virüstü it was a virus bir virüsmüş it was a virus felaket(tir) it is a disaster felaketti it was a disaster felaketmiş it was a disaster polis(tirler) they are policemen polistiler they were policemen polismişler they were policemen Proper names with the verb "to be" Suffixes are not fixed directly to Proper Names, an apostrophe is used. Mehmet' tir It is Mehmet İstanbul' da In Istanbul Hükümet' ten From the Government zengin rich zenginim I am rich zengindim I was rich yorgun tired yorgunum I am tired yorgundun you were tired pahalı dear, expensive pahalı(dır) it is dear pahalıydı it was dear küçük small küçük(tür) it is small küçüktü it was small hasta ill hastayız we are ill hastaydık we were ill yaşlı aged/old yaşlısın you are old yaşlıydı he was old yoksul poor yoksul(durlar) they are poor yoksuldular they were poor genç young genç(tirler) they are young gençti he was young Interrogative Forms "to be" Asking questions, the interrogative particle ‑mi? is used to form questions. It is placed after the word it affects, personal endings added according to Vowel Harmony Rules: "to be" Questions Present Positive Singular mıyım? miyim? muyum? müyüm? am I? mısın? misin? musun? müsün? are you? mı? mi? mu? mü? is he/she/it? mıdır? midir? mudur? müdür? is he/she/it? (formal, public) mıyız? miyiz? muyuz? müyüz? are we? mısınız? misiniz? musunuz? müsünüz? are you? ‑lar mı? ‑ler mi? are they? mıdırlar? midirler? mudurlar? müdürler? are they? (formal/public) Except for the 3rd person form ‑lar mi? the positive form of the interrogative is written separately from the word it affects, but obeys the rules of Vowel Harmony. The longer forms which end in ‑dir are more formal and are used in instructions and public notices. They are not usually used in general conversation. Interrogative Present Tense Positive examples "to be" zengin miyim? am I rich? yorgun musun? are you tired? pahalı mı? is it dear? büyük mü? is it big? hasta mıyız? are we ill? yaşlı mısınız? are you old? gençler mi? are they young? yoksullar mı? are they poor? The question part is written separately from the verb, but still obeys vowel harmony rules. Interrogative Past Tense Positive examples "to be" The Past tense personal endings are added to the question particle ‑mi and obeys Vowel harmony but is written separately. "to be" Questions Past Positive Singular mıydım? midyim? muydum? müydüm? am I? mıydın? miydin? muydun? müydün? are you? mıydı? miydi? muydu? müydü? is he/she/it? mıydık? miydik? muyduk? müydük? are we? mıdınız? midiniz? mudunuz? müdünüz? are you? mıydılar? miydiler? muydular? müydüler?are they? The Buffer Letter ‑y‑ is used in the formation of the Past Tense Questions. This is to keep the final vowel of the question tag ‑mi by mutating the first vowel of the Past Tense endings ‑idim etc to ‑ydim etc. Interrogative Past Tense Positive examples "to be" acı mıydı? was it bitter? sıcak mıydı? was it hot? hava soğuk muydu? was the weather cold? mutlu muyduk? were we happy? yorgun muydular? were they tired? hasta mıydınız? were you ill? or have you been ill? güzel miydi? was she beautiful? ev büyük müydü? was it a large house? The question part is written separately from the verb, but still obeys vowel harmony rules. The Future will be The Future Tense is discussed in Ch. 19. The Future of the verb "to be" is lacking in Turkish. It place is taken by the Future Tense of the Verb olmak to be, to become. Yarın hazır olacağım. I will be ready tomorrow. Er geç zengin olacaksın. You will become rich sooner or later. [er geç (ergeç) sooner or later] Bu gece parti çok güzel olacak. It will be a great party tonight. All these are "state of being" sentences but Turkish uses the verb olmak to become to convey the future of the verb "to be" The Verb not to be Negative The Negative not to be is formed by using the negative particle değil not This word is invariable and not subject to vowel harmony rules. To form the negative the personal present tense endings are affixed to değil not. The resulting verb not to be is written separately from the verb root, whereas the positive forms to be, am, is, are, etc. being added to the root word, are subject to both Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation. Present Tense Negative "not to be" Singular Forms ben değilim I am not zengin değilim I am not rich sen değilsin you are not yorgun değilsin you are not tired değildir he/she/it is not pahalı değildir [Public, Official] it is not dear değil he is not şişman değil [Familiar, Usual] she is not fat Plural Forms biz değiliz we are not hasta değiliz we are not ill siz değilsiniz you are not yaşlı değilsiniz you are not old değildirler they are not genç değildirler [Public, Official] they are not young değiller they are not çirkin değiller [Familiar, Usual] they are not ugly Generally the third person forms using ‑dir are not used in day to day conversation. The use of the‑dir form is apparent in Public Signs and Warnings and newpaper reports. For these reasons this longer form is included here. The shortened form should always be used in general conversation. Emphasis with Personal Pronouns The Personal Pronouns are only used for emphasis, as the person of the verb is already apparent from the verb ending. Ben zengin değilim. I am not rich. {Emphasized] Zengin değilim. I'm not rich. O hasta değil. HE is not ill Hasta değil. he's not ill. Interrogative Present Tense Negative "not to be" To form Negative Questions the positive verb added after değil not, but written separately. zengin değil miyim? am I not rich? aren't I rich? pahalı değil mi? isn't it dear? hasta değil miyiz? aren't we ill? genç değiller mi? aren't they young? yorgun değil misin? aren't you tired? büyük değil mi? isn't it big? yaşlı değil misiniz? aren't you old? yoksul değiller mi? aren't they poor? Past Tense Negative "not to be" To form the Past Tense of "not to be" the Personal Past Tense endings are added to değil not. değildim I was not zengin değildim I was not rich değildin you were not hasta değildin you were not ill değildi he was not yorgun değildi he/she was not tired değildik we were not mutlu değildik we were not happy değildiniz you were not aç değildiniz you were not hungry değildiler they were not yoksul değildiler they were not poor Interrogative Past Tense Negative "not to be" Examples of Negative Questions regarding Past Time formed with değil not followed by the question forms written separately. açık değil miydi? wasn't it open? mutlu değil miydik? weren't we happy? hava soğuk değil miydi? wasn't the weather cold? zengin değil miydiler? weren't they rich? emin değil miydim? wasn't I sure? Mehmet meşgul değil miydi? wasn't Mehmet busy? yorgun değil miydiniz? weren't you tired? çocuklar mutlu değil miydiler? weren't the children happy? Question Tags The question tags that we use in English: Isn't it?, Aren't you? , Aren't they?, Can't we?, Weren't they?, Didn't they? etc are all translated by the single tag değil mi? for all Persons and all Tenses. Hava soğuk, değil mi? The weather is cold, isn't it? Hava soğuktu, değil mi? The weather was cold, wasn't it? Mutlusunuz, değil mi? You are happy, aren't you? Mutlu olacaksın, değil mi? You will be happy, won't you? Hastadırlar, değil mi? They are ill, aren't they? Mehmet kazanabilir, değil mi? Mehmet can win, can't he? "to be" Examples The word pek very, hard, firm, quite is often used as an intensifier especially in negative sentences. The word çok very can also be used as an intensifier in positive sentences although it is a little more direct as pek is a more gentle word. Mutluyum. I am happy. İyisiniz. You are good. Bozuk(tur). It is spoiled, broken, no good. Kolay(dır). It is easy. Neşeliyiz. We are merry. İngilizsiniz. You are English. Zeki(dirler). They are clever. Pek/Çok şişmansınız. You are very fat. Çok/Pek naziksiniz. You are very nice. Mehmet pek hasta(dır). Mehmet is quite ill. Genç değilim. I am not young. Hasta değilsiniz. You are not ill. Pek aç değilim. I am not very hungry. Yüksek değil(dir). It is not high. Deli değiliz. We are not crazy. Pek/Çok çabuk değil(dir). It ıs not very quick/fast. Pek nazik değilsiniz. You are not very nice. Pek zeki değil(dirler). They are not very clever. Zengin miyim? Am I rich? Zengin değil miyim? Am I not rich? Hasta mısınız? Are you ill? Ali bey genç mi(dir)? Is Ali bey young? Kolay mı(dır)? Is it easy? Zeki miyiz? Are we clever? Zeki değil miyiz? Aren't we clever? Deli misin? Are you crazy? Arkadaşınız yaşlı mı(dır)? Is your friend old? Arkadaşım yaşlı değil(dir). My friend is not old. Evet,arkadaşım genç(tir). Yes, my friend is young. Mehmet mutlu mudur? Is Mehmet happy. Evet, mutlu(dur). Yes, he is happy. Hayır,mutlu değil(dir). No, he is not happy. Hazır mısın? Are you ready? Hazır değil misin bile? Aren't you ready yet?   Ch. 16 : Present Continuous Tense Present Continuous Tense This tense takes the form of "be doing, be not doing, be saying, be not saying, be going". I am going, Are you thinking?, We are not staying, Are they not trying? The Tense sign of the Present Continuous Tense is ‑iyor‑ ‑ıyor‑ ‑üyor‑ ‑uyor‑which is added to the verb root. The tense endings are completed by adding the personal suffixes. When the verb root itself ends in a vowel, as in bekle‑mek to wait, expect becoming bekl‑iyor, then this vowel is also dropped as the head vowel of the ‑iyor tense sign replaces it. The first letter ‑i‑ of ‑iyor‑ is subject to vowel harmony with the verb stem's final vowel. The Tense Sign ‑iyor‑ can be likened to the English Tense sign "‑ing". Spelling Exceptions Basic Verb Stems Only four verbs change their root spelling from ‑t to ‑d when adding a vowel. gitmek to go becomes gidiyorum I am going ditmek to shred (verb used in recipes) becomes didiyor he/it shreds tatmak to taste (of) becomes tadıyor it tastes (of) etmek to do/perform becomes ediyorum I am doing The verb etmek includes all verbs containing etmek kaybetmek to lose affetmek to pardon, to excuse and many others. All other verbs retain their original spelling, examples: bitmek to end bitiyor it is finishing [NOT "bidiyor"] batmak to sink batıyor it is sinking [NOT "badıyor"] Formation of the Present Continuous Tense The Personal Endings ‑Present Continuous geliyorum [gel‑iyor‑um] I am coming bakıyorsun [bak‑ıyor‑sun] you are looking giriyor [gir‑iyor] he, she, it is entering çıkıyoruz [çık‑ıyor‑uz] we are going out buluyorsunuz [bul‑uyor‑sunuz] you are finding gülüyorlar [gül‑üyor‑lar] they are laughing Present Continuous Conjugation Examples Positive Verb gelmek [gel‑mek] to come geliyorum I am coming geliyorsun you are coming geliyor he is coming geliyoruz we are coming geliyorsunuz you are coming geliyorlar they are coming Negative Verb gelmemek [gelme‑mek] not to come gelmiyorum I am not coming gelmiyorsun you are not coming gelmiyor he is not coming gelmiyoruz we are not coming gelmiyorsunuz you are not coming gelmiyorlar they are not coming The vowel of gelmek (E‑Dotted group) is ‑e‑ therefore the tense sign begins with a Dotted‑i ‑iyor‑. The infinitive verb ending ‑mek is dropped from the verb stem and ‑iyor‑ is added together with the personal endings to form the tense. All Negative Verb roots that end in a vowel as in: gelmemek [gelme ‑mek] not to come also drop this final vowel from the vowel stem so that when the tense sign ‑iyor‑ is added two vowels do not occur together. [gelmeiyorum is incorrect]. The Rule is that Negative Verbs drop the final vowel of the root along with ‑mek or ‑mak. Examples of the E‑Dotted vowel group of Verbs Positive Verbs vermek to give veriyor giving bilmek to know biliyor knowing görmek to see görüyor seeing gülmek to laugh gülüyor laughing Negative Verbs vermemek not to give vermiyor not giving bilmemek not to know bilmiyor not knowing görmemek not to see görmüyor not seeing gülmemek not to laugh gülmüyor not laughing All negative verb stems lose their final stem vowel as they end in the negative particle ‑me or ‑ma. Examples of the A‑UnDotted vowel group of Verbs Positive Verbs yapmak to do, make, perform yapıyor doing ağrımak to ache ağrıyor aching kopmak to snap kopuyor snapping kurumak to dry kuruyor drying Negative Verbs yapmamak not to do yapmıyor not doing ağrımamak not to ache ağrımıyor not aching kopmamak not to snap kopmuyor not snapping kurumamak not to dry kurumuyor not drying The final vowel of any verb is dropped when adding ‑iyor in order to keep two vowels apart. This applies to all positive Verbs in both A‑UnDotted and E‑Dotted Groups, kuru‑mak becomes kur‑uyor to dry and bekle‑mek to wait becomes bekl‑iyor. Examples of Verb Root ending in a Vowel Positive Verb beklemek to wait, expect bekliyorum I am waiting bekliyorsun you are waiting bekliyor he/she/it is waiting bekliyoruz we are waiting bekliyorsunuz you are waiting bekliyorlar they are waiting The root of this verb is bekle‑ but its final vowel ‑e is dropped before adding the tense sign‑iyor‑ to prevent vowels occurring together. ["bekleiyorum" would be incorrect.] The Rule is that the final vowel of verb stem is dropped along with ‑mek or ‑mak Negative Verb beklememek to not wait, expect beklemiyorum I am not waiting beklemiyorsun you are not waiting beklemiyor he/she/it is not waiting beklemiyoruz we are not waiting beklemiyorsunuz you are not waiting beklemiyorlar they are not waiting A‑UnDotted verbs ending in a consonant For verbs of the A‑UnDotted Group with a i o u in verb stem the suffix ‑mak signifies the positive verb and ‑mamak is used for the negative verb. The positive verb is bakmak to look The negative verb is bakmamak not to look Positive Verb bakmak to look, to look at bakıyorum I am looking bakıyorsun you are looking bakıyor he is looking bakıyoruz we are looking bakıyorsunuz you are looking bakıyorlar they are looking Bakmak to look is a verb of the A‑UnDotted Group therefore the tense sign also begins with an UnDotted‑ı ‑ıyor‑. The tense sign ‑ıyor‑ is then added under vowel harmony rules. Negative Verb bakmamak not to look, not to look at bakmıyorum I am not looking bakmıyorsun you are not looking bakmıyor he is not looking bakmıyoruz we are not looking bakmıyorsunuz you are not looking bakmıyorlar they are not looking E‑Dotted verbs ending in a vowel For verbs of the E‑Dotted Group with e ı ö ü in verb stem the suffix ‑mek signifies the positive verb and ‑memek is used for the negative verb. The positive verb is yürümek to walk. The negative verb is yürümemek not to walk Positive Verb yürümek to walk yürüyorum I am walking yürüyorsun you are walking yürüyor he is walking yürüyoruz we are walking yürüyorsunuz you are walking yürüyorlar they are walking Yürümek to walk is a verb of the E‑Dotted Group therefore the tense sign also begins with a Dotted‑ü ‑üyor‑ This verb also has a final vowel in the verb stem which is dropped along with the infinitive sign ‑mek. The tense sign ‑üyor‑ is then added under vowel harmony rules. Negative Verb yürümemek not to walk yürümüyorum I am not walking yürümüyorsun you are not walking yürümüyor he is not walking yürümüyoruz we are not walking yürümüyorsunuz you are not walking yürümüyorlar they are not walking Interrogative Present Continuous To form questions the question particle mi? mı? mu? mü? is used after ‑iyor. It is written separately and the personal ending is added making a question tag. The Third Person Plural is slightly different in that the question particle mi? is always placed last for reasons of ease of pronunciation. The question particle mi? is subject to vowel harmony so can have four forms mi? mı? mu? mü? It retains its vowel harmonization even when not attached as a suffix. Question Particle Positioning The Question Particle mı? mi? mu? mü? is placed after the item that you are questioning: It is NOT always the VERB that is in question. This is the same for English Mehmet, şimdi eve gidiyor mu? Is Mehmet going home now? "Mehmet, is he going home now?" Question on the verb "gitmek" "to go". Mehmet, eve mi gidiyor? Is it home that Mehmet is going to? Question on the object "ev" "home." Mehmet mi, eve gidiyor? Is it Mehmet who is going home? [Question on The subject "Mehmet".] Bisiklet, ters mi duruyor? Is the bicycle upside down? "The bicycle, is it upside down?" [The position of the bicycle is in question.] Mehmet, kemen mi çalıyor? Is Mehmet playing the violin? "Is it the violin? That he is playing". [The "keman" "violin" is in question.] The verb çalmak has two meanings:

1. To play a musical instrument.
2. To steal something.

O, kemen mi çalıyor? could mean Is it a violin that he is stealing? ORIs it a violin that he is playing? Bir hirsiz arabamı çaldı. A thief stole/has stolen my car. Bir kız piyanoyu güzelce çaldı. A girl played the piano well. Question Tags in Turkish The Positive Interrogative Forming Negative Questions Positive Verb gelmek to come geliyor muyum? am I coming? geliyor musun? are you coming? geliyor mu? is he coming? geliyor muyuz? are we coming? geliyor musunuz? are you coming? geliyorlar mı? are they coming? The question tags muyum?, musun? etc. are always written separately from the verb itself. The tags follow vowel harmony rules even that they are not directly suffixed to the verb stem itself. Negative Verb gelmemek to not come gelmiyor muyum? aren't I coming? gelmiyor musun? aren't you coming? gelmiyor mu? isn't he coming? gelmiyor musunuz? aren't you coming? gelmiyor muyuz? aren't we coming? gelmiyorlar mı? aren't they coming? The negative questions are formed in the same manner using the negative verb stem. The vowel harmonized question tag is still written separated from the verb stem Yarın şehre gidiyorum. Tomorrow I am going to town. Yarın şehre gitmiyorum. Tomorrow I am not going to town. Benimle gelmiyor musunuz? Aren't you coming with me? Küçük odada uyumuyorlar mı? Aren't they sleeping in the small room? Evi boyuyor. He is painting the house. ["ev‑i" Lit: the house direct object.] Mehmet kendi evini boyamıyor. Mehmet is not painting his own house. [ev‑i‑n‑i Lit: "the house of he" possessed direct object.] Turkish uses the Present Continuous Tense as a Future Tense of Intention, as in English: We are going to Turkey next month ["We will go to Turkey" Future of Intention] The Present Progressive Tense The Present Progressive is coming into use more and more each day. It is especially used in newspapers, but is also being used in conversation. Its base is formed by adding the locative suffix to the infinitive to which the personal endings of the verb "to be" are then added. It means "I am presently doing something and I am still doing it at the moment". It is best translated into English as "I have been doing (and am still doing)" An example beklemek to wait/expect beklemekteyim [beklemek‑te‑yim] I have been waiting (and am still waiting) beklemektesin [beklemek‑te‑sin] you have been waiting (and are still waiting) beklemektedir [beklemek‑te‑dir] he has been waiting (and is still waiting) beklemekteyiz [beklemek‑te‑yiz] we have been waiting (and are still waiting) beklemektesiniz [beklemek‑te‑siniz] you have been waiting (and are still waiting) beklemekteler [beklemek‑te‑ler]; they have been waiting (and are still waiting) Saat beşten beri bankada seni beklemekteyim. I have been waiting for you in the bank since five o'clock (and I am still waiting) This tense is often used in newspaper print: Şimdilik futbol takımınız İtalya'da oynamaktadır. Our football team are presently playing in Italy (and are still there). The past tense endings are used to change the tense: Evde Mehmet'i belemekteydim. I had been waiting for Mehmet at home. Mehmet evde beni belemekteydi. Mehmet had been waiting for me at home. Sabırsızlıkla bu filmi beklemektelerdi. They had been waiting for this film with impatience. An example in the Passive Mood and Past Indefinite Tense. Bu akşam üzeri ülke genelinde sağnak yağış beklenmekteymiş. [bekle‑n‑mek‑te‑y‑miş] In the evening scattered showers may be expected over the countryside.     Ch. 17 : Simple Tense Positive The Simple Present Tense Positive The Simple Present Tense is also known as the Aorist (Boundless) Tense. It does not specify a time of the present, past or future. This tense is known as the Wide Tense in Turkish grammatical terms as it signifies an unbounded time situation. In Turkish it is called "Geniş Zaman" "The Wide Tense". It is considered as a gentle tense and is used as a polite imperative or polite request. The three uses of the Simple Present are as follows: Simple Tense: (1) Habitual Action This tense is used where verbs are required to signify a timeless situation in meaning: Her gün denizde yüzerim. I swim in the sea every day. Ayşe hanım dondurmayı çok sever. Miss Ayshe likes ice cream a lot. Her gece eve dönerim. I come back home every night. Her gün düzenli olarak traş olur. He shaves regularly each day. Genelikle et yeriz. [ye‑r‑iz] Generally we eat meat. Her hafta sonunda futbol oynarlar. They play football every weekend. In the sentences above there is no indication of future, past or present time. The tense then is used to denote action that is habitual or ongoing. Simple Tense: (2) Consent or Willingness The Simple Tense shows consent or willingness. Kapıyı açar mısınız? Would you open the door please? [a polite request.] Buna bakar mısınız? Would you look at this please. [a polite command.] Evet, onu yaparım. Yes, I will do the job [a willing consent.] İki gecelik bir oda tutarız. We'll take a room for two nights. [polite request] In Turkish would you? and please are not translated as it is inherent within the tense itself. This tense is a polite tense. Simple Tense: The Polite Command Bakar mısınız? Would you look, please? Bana yardım edebilir misıniz? Could you help me, (please)? This is the polite way to get attention of a waiter or any person. It is similar to the Welsh Look you? in that it is not rude. Simple Tense: The Polite Request Bir çay rica ederim. A tea, please . [Lit: I request a tea.] Pencereyi kapatır mısınız? Would you close the window, please? This is the polite way of asking questions or giving minor orders to strangers. Simple Tense: The Polite Consent Ben onu yaparım I'll do it. This is a nice way of accepting the responsibility of something. Simple Tense: (3) Unbounded Future The Simple Present is also used for future events which are not timed. Saatin altında seni beklerim. I'll be waiting under the clock for you. Parkın yanındaki bankayı tabii ki bulursunuz. You'll find the bank all right, next to the Park. Yarın ofiste buluşuruz. We'll see each other in the office tomorrow. Simple Present Positive Formation The tense sign is ‑r which is added directly to the verb stem as follows: Single Syllable Verb Root ending in a consonant For A‑UnDotted Group verbs ‑ar is added after dropping infinitive sign ‑mak yapmak to do, to make yaparım I do yaparsın you do yapar he does yaparız we do yaparsınız you do yaparlar they do For E‑Dotted Group verbs ‑er is added after dropping infinitive sign ‑mek kesmek to cut keserim I cut kesersin you cut keser he cuts keseriz we cut kesersiniz you cut keserler they cut Exceptions to Single Syllable Verbs For verbs of one syllable which end in a consonant the regular positive tense sign is ‑ar or ‑er. This tense is the only one which shows some irregularity in its formation. There are 13 exceptions which form their Simple Tense with ‑ir or ‑ır or ‑ur or ‑ür, almak ‑ alır to take alırım I take bilmek ‑ alır to know bilir he knows bulmak ‑ bulur to find bulur he finds durmak ‑ durur to stop, halt dururuz we stop gelmek ‑ gelir to come gelirsiniz you come görmek ‑ görür to see görürler they see kalmak ‑ kalır to stay kalırım I stay olmak ‑ olur to become olursun you become ölmek ‑ ölür to die ölür it dies sanmak ‑ sanır to suppose sanırız we suppose vermek ‑ verir to give verirsiniz you give varmak ‑ varır to arrive varırlar they arrive vurmak ‑ vurur to hit vururum I hit Aide Memoir: All these verb stems end in ‑r or ‑l except one, sanmak to suppose. Verb Stems which end in a Vowel For all verbs ending in a vowel the tense sign ‑r‑ is added after drooping the infinitive sign ‑mak or ‑mek. The Personal suffixes are added to the tense sign to complete the verb in number. A-UnDotted Verbs anlamak to understand anlarım I understand anlarsın you understand anlar he understands anlarız we understand anlarsınız you understand anlarlar they understand E-Dotted Verbs demek to say, mean derim I say dersin you say der he says deriz we say dersiniz you say derler they say demek der to say Dünya yuvarlaktır derler. They say the world is round. yemek yer to eat Her gün ekmek yeriz. We eat bread every day. beklemek bekler to wait Her gün köşede beklersiniz, değil mi? Every day you wait at the corner, don't you? söylemek söyler to speak Her zaman "hayır'ı" derler. They say "No" every time. [the word "hayır'ı" is a Direct Object] Multi-syllable Vowels Which end in a Consonant For verbs consisting of more than one syllable the tense sign is ‑ir ‑ır ‑ür ‑ur according to Vowel harmony. A-UnDotted Verbs kazanmak to win kazanırım I win kazanırsın you win kazanır he wins kazanırız we win kazanırsınız you win kazanırlar they win E-Dotted Verbs göndermek to send gönderirim I send gönderirsin you send gönderir he sends göndeririz we send gönderirsiniz you send gönderirler they send Examples the tense sign is ‑ir ‑ır ‑ür ‑ur kazanabilmek kazanabilir to be able to win Her hafta Milli Piyango'yu kazanabilirsin. You can win the lottery every week. ‑a tırmanmak to climb (to, up to) Her yıl Nemrut Dağı'na tırmanırız. We climb (to)Mount Nemrut every year. The verb tırmanmak to climb (to, up to) takes a Motion Towards Object in ‑a or ‑e. götürmek götürür to bring Mehmet, yemeğini her gün evden götürür. Mehmet, brings his lunch from home every day. beğenmek beğenir to like, approve Türk kahvesini beğenirler, They like Turkish coffee. Translation of "used to" If the past tense endings are added to the Wide Tense Positive ‑r verb stem then the meaning is habitual in the past. This translated by used to in English. In Turkish the Simple Present Tense is used with the past tense personal endings habitual in the past. Sık sık buraya gelirdim. I used to come here very often. Gençken çok gülerdin. You used to laugh a lot when [Lit: while..] you were young. Kuşadası'nda kalırken her zaman denizde yüzerdi. He always used to swim in the sea when staying at Kuşshadasi. 1950 yılından önce (1950'den önce) Türkiye'de kola içilirdi. Coca‑cola used to be drunk in Turkey before 1950. Dersler bittikten sonra uzun zaman/süre beni beklerdin. You always used to wait for me a long time after school finished.   Tatilde kamp yaparken hep/daima iyi uyurlardı. They always used to sleep very well while on holiday while camping. Although iken translates as while in English, it is very often better to translate it as "when", although this is not literally correct. Proverbs "Atasözler" Turkish Proverbs are usually written in the Simple Tense. These translations are not literal showing the difficulty of such interpretation from Turkish to English. Acele işe, şeytan karışır. If you hurry, the devil intervenes. Çabuk parlayan çabuk söner. A flash is quickly extinguished. Damlaya damlaya göl olur. Lakes form drop by drop. Emek ver, kulak ver, bilgi ver, ama hiçbir zaman boş verme. Give labour, ear and knowledge, but never give notice. Fakirlik ayıp değil tembellik ayıp. Poverty is no shame but idleness is. Güzel gören güzel düşünür. Güzel düşünen hayattan lezzet alır. An observer of beauty thinks of beauty. Those who think beauty taste life. İyilik eden iyilik bulur. Those who do good find goodness themselves. Ne ekersen onu biçersin. You reap what you sow. Önce düşün sonra söyle. Think first, speak later. Sağlam kafa sağlam vücutta bulunur. A healthy mind is found in a healthy body. Tok iken yemek yiyen, mezarını kendi kazar. Those who eat when they are full dig their own grave. The Five Verbs which Show Consonant Mutation Reiteration: The five verbs that soften their final ‑t to ‑d when a vowel is added in the suffix: gitmek to go gidiyorum I am going etmek to do ederim I do tatmak to taste of tadarlar they taste of ditmek to shred [used in recipes] didersin you shred gütmek to nourish/feed animals güderim I nourish   Ch. 18 : Simple Tense Negative Wide Tense Negative Tense The Negative Simple Tense tense sign is ‑maz/‑mez. Habitual Situations The negative of the Simple Present tense translates as: I don't go to work on Saturdays. He doesn't like ice cream. We don't keep a pet. They never take a holiday. We'll not see each other for some time. The simple present tense is used in situations in both the present and the future that are untimed. Simple Negative Tense E-Dotted Verb Formation. The Wide Tense Negative Infinitive is not based on the normal negative infinitive "gelmemek" "not to come". gelmek becomes gelmez to not go The First Persons Singular and Plural are abraded to ‑me‑ gitmem I don't go [NOT "gitmezim"] gitmezsin you don't go gitmez he doesn't go gitmeyiz we don't go [NOT "gitmeziz"] gitmezsiniz you don't go gitmezler they don't go Simple Negative Tense A-UnDotted Verb Formation. The Wide Tense Negative Infinitive of bakmak is bakmaz to not go The First Persons Singular and Plural are abraded to ‑ma‑ bakmam I don't look [NOT "bakmazım"] bakmazsın you don't look bakmaz he doesn't look bakmayız we don't look [NOT "bakmazız"] bakmazsınız you don't look bakmazlar they don't look The first persons gitmem I do not go and gitmeyiz We do not go drop the ‑z when adding the personal endings to the negative verb stem, all other persons preserve the ‑z tanımamak not to know somebody Beni tanımazsınız. You don't know me Beni tanımaz mısınız? Don't you know me? içmez does not to drink O bira içmez . He doesn't drink beer. [generally] Mehmet, bira içmez mi? Doesn't Mehmet drink beer? [usually?] O bira içmez. He doesn't drink beer. [generally] If the Direct Object Condition birayı is used in the example above, the object becomes a definite object, but here we are talking about generally the drinking of beer. Mehmet birayı içmez mi? Doesn't Mehmet drink the (or that) beer? [particular beer] konuşmamak not to talk Onun hakkında konuşmayız. We don't talk about it. giymemek not to wear Genellikle bir şapka giymez misiniz? Don't you generally wear a hat? seyretmemek not to watch Televizyonu seyretmezler. They don't watch the television. [in particular] Televizyon seyretmezler. They don't watch television. [generally] The Interrogative Form The interrogative is formed by adding the personalized question particles after the verb stem ending in ‑z. They are written separately, but follow vowel harmony rules. bakmamak not to look bakmaz mıyım? OR bakmam mı? don't I look? kalmamak not to stay kalmaz mısın? don't you stay? bitirmemek not to finish bitirmez mi? doesn't he finish? yazmamak not to write yazmaz mıyız? don't we write? koşmamak not to run Koşmaz mısınız? don't you run? yürümemek not to walk Yürümezler mi? don't they walk? Her gün saat beşte seni görmez miyim? Don't I see you every day at five o'clock? Londra'da oturmaz mısınız? Don't you live in London? Ali bey bir bankada çalışmaz mi? Doesn't Ali Bey work in a bank? Hepimiz bir parti sevmez miyiz? Don't we all love a party? Saying "didn't used to" When the past tense endings are added to the Wide Tense negative ‑mez⁄‑maz verb stem then the meaning is habitual in the past. This translated by didn't used to in English. In Turkish the Simple Present Tense is used with the past tense personal endings habitual in the past: Sık sık buraya gelmezdim. I didn't used to come here very often. Genç iken o kadar gülmezdin. You didn't used to laugh very much when you were young. Kuşadada kalırken denizde yüzmezdi. He never used to swim in the sea when staying at Kuşadası. 1950 yıldan önce Türkiye'de kola içilmezdi. Coca‑cola did not used to be drunk in Turkey before 1950. Derslerimiz bittikten sonra yeterli zaman için beni beklemezdiniz. You didn't used to wait long enough for me after school finished. Tatilde kamp yaparken o kadar iyi uyumazdılar. They didn't used to sleep very well while on holiday while camping. Question "didn't you used to?" Her gün çarşıya gitmez miydim? Didn't I used to go to the shops everyday? Hatice'yi sevmez miydin? Didn't you used to love Hatice? Ummaz mıydı? Didn't he used to hope? Açmaz mıydık? Didn't we used to open? Kazmaz mıydınız? Didn't you used to dig? Soğan satmaz mıydılar? Didn't they used to sell onions? Soğan is not in the direct object case nor is it plural in Turkish, but it is a non‑specific object of the family of "onion". In Turkish "things is" and "people are". Çıkmaz mıydılar? Didn't they used to go out? Her gün seni görmez miydim? Didn't I used to see you every day? Bıkmaz mıydık? Didn't we used to get fed up? Londra'da oturmaz mıydın? Didn't you used to live in London? oturmak means to sit (down) or to live (at a place). Ali İstanbul'da oturur Ali lives in Istanbul. Ben, mavi sandalyede oturuyorum I am sitting in the blue chair. Atlara binmez miydiniz? Didn't you used to ride horses? binmek to get on, to ride, to board takes the Motion Toward ‑e or ‑a as "movement towards" is implied in the verb binmek. Conversational Turkish: "used to" and "didn't used to" In daily speech the Past Imperfect Tense will often be used: Yıllar önce Manisa'da çalışıyordum. Many years ago I was working in Manisa Proverbs "Atasözler" Turkish Proverbs are usually written in the Wide Tense. These translations are not literal showing the difficulty of such interpretation from Turkish to English. Boş çuval ayakta durmaz. An empty sack does stand up. Mum dibine ışık vermez. The bottom of a candle sheds no light. Havlayan köpek ısırmaz. A barking dog does not bite. Küçük suda büyük balık olmaz. There are no big fish in small pools. Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz. A rolling stone gathers no moss.   Ch. 19 : Future Tense The future tense sign is ‑ecek‑ or ‑acak‑ to which the personal suffixes are attached. Consonant Mutation: When a personal ending which begins in a vowel is suffixed then the final ‑k‑ of this tense sign is softened to a ‑ğ‑ thus producing the forms to ‑eceğ‑ or ‑acağ‑. Uses of the Future Tense Decisions: İlerde doktor olacağım. I'm going to be a doctor. Offers and Promises: Sana bisiklet alacağım. I will buy you a bicycle. Predictions: Hava yarın çok güzel olacak. The weather will be fine tomorrow. Commands: İlk önce bunu bitireceksin. First of all you will finish this. Obligations: Yarına ödeviniz bitecek. By tomorrow our duty must finish. Conjugation of the Future Tense Positive Verb gelmek to come (Future: gel‑ecek) geleceğim I shall come [gel‑eceğ‑im] geleceksin you will come O gelecek he will come geleceğiz we shall come geleceksiniz you will come gelecekler they will come Negative Verb gelmemek not to come (future: gelme‑y‑ecek) The buffer letter ‑y‑ is used if the verb stem ends in a vowel in order to keep the vowels apart when the ‑acak/‑ecek future suffix is added the verb. Negative Future uses buffer letter ‑y‑ gelmeyeceğim I shall not come gelmeyeceksin you will not come O gelmeyecek he will not come gelmeyeceğiz we shall not come gelmeyeceksiniz you will not come gelmeyecekler they will not come In pronunciation the Future Negative is often pronounced gelmiyeceğim. The Negative Particle ‑me‑ or ‑ma‑ abrades to ‑mi‑ or ‑ mı‑ Future Tense: Verb Stem ends in a Vowel Positive Verb aramak to seek, look for (future: ara‑y‑acak) arayacağım I shall look for [ara‑y‑acağım] arayacaksın you will look for O arayacak he will look for arayacağız we shall look for arayacaksınız you will look for arayacaklar they will look for Negative Verb aramamak to not look for (future: ara‑ma‑y‑acak) aramayacağım I shall not look for [arama‑y‑acağım] aramayacaksın you will not look for O aramayacak he will not look for aramayacağız we shall not look for aramayacaksınız you will not look for aramayacaklar they will not look for Future Tense: Sound Changes In Conversation If a verb stem ends in ‑a or ‑e as does ara‑mak above, then the final ‑a or ‑e is sometimes pronounced as ‑ı and ‑i the positive future tense as in arıyacağım. As the stem of the positive verb ends in a vowel then a buffer letter ‑y‑ is inserted to separate two vowels ara‑y‑acağım [ara‑ as written] or arı‑y‑acağım [arı‑ as spoken.] söyleyecek [as written] he will speak becomes söyliyecek[as spoken] oksayacaklar [as written] they will caress/strokebecomes oksıyacaklar [as spoken.] Verb stems which end with a final vowel ‑ı ‑i ‑o ‑ö ‑u ‑ü do not mutate and retain their original vowel. For instance yürümek to walk retains its final ‑ü in the future tense yürüyecek uyumak to sleep becomes uyuyacak. In fast, local talk (also in television programmes the ‑ecak/‑acak future suffix often gets abraded in conversation thus: Gideceğim gidicem I will go [As Spoken] Gideceğiz gidicez we will go Yazacağım yazıcam I will write Yazacağız azıcaz We will write Güleceğim gülecem I will laugh Güleceğiz gülecez We will laugh Uyuyakaldım, koşa koşa ofise gidicem şimdi. I overslept, now I'll go to the office a-running.. The Interrogative of the Future Tense The interrogative personal pronouns are written separately after the verb but observe vowel harmony rules. The Positive Interrogative Future Tense yürümek to walk becomes yürüyecek [yürü‑y‑ecek] will walk yürüyecek miyim? Shall I walk? Am I going to walk? yürüyecek misin? Will you walk? Are you going to walk? O yürüyecek mi? Will he walk? Is he going to walk? yürüyecek miyiz? Shall we walk? Are we going to walk? yürüyecek misiniz? Will you walk? Are you going to walk? yürüyecekler mi? Will they walk? Are they going to walk? The Negative Interrogative Future Tense yazmamak to not write becomes yazmayacak [yazma‑y‑acak] will not write yazmayacak mıyım? Shall I not write? Am I not going to write? yazmayacak mısın? Will you not write? O yazmayacak mı? Will he not write? yazmayacak mıyız? Shall we not write? yazmayacak mısınız? Will you not write? yazmayacaklar mı? Will they not write? The Future of the verb "to be" The verb "to be" suffix is added to the word it modifies. Present Tense: hazırım I am ready Past Tense: hazırdım I was ready There is no future tense of the verb "to be" in suffix form. It does not exist. One of the most important auxiliary functions of the verb olmak to be/to become is its use as the Future Tense of the Verb "to be" olacak will be The future of the verb olmak to become is employed to form the future tense of the verb "to be": hazır olacağım I shall be ready. The verb olmak to become is a word in its own right. It is written separately. It is NOT suffixed to the word it modifies. Present Tense: hazırım I am ready Futire Tense: hazır olacağım I shall be ready zenginsin you are rich zengin olacaksın you will be rich yorgundur he is tired yorgun olacak he will be (get) tired yoksuldurlar they are poor yoksul olacaklar they will be poor Şimdilik İstanbul'dayım. Just now I am in Istanbul. Yarın İstanbul' da olacağım. Tomorrow I shall be in Istanbul. Negative Future Tense of the Verb "to be" One of its most important auxiliary functions of the Negative Verb olmamak not to be/not to become is its use as the Negative Future Tense of the Verb "to be" olmayacak will not be. olmamak being a verb is not a suffix, is written separately. Present Negative: hazır değilim I am not ready Future Negative: hazır olmayacağım I shall not be ready zengin değilsin you are not rich zengin olmayacaksın you will not be rich tembel değildi he was not lazy tembel olmayacak he will not be lazy yoksul değiller they are not poor yoksul olmayacaklar they will not be poor Yarın İstanbul' da olmayacağım. I shall not be in Istanbul tomorrow. Şimdi İstanbul'da değilim. I am not in Istanbul now. Future Active and Passive Mood Active kesmek to cut O, yarın onu kesecek He will cut it tomorrow. Passive kesilmek [kes‑il‑mek] to be cut O, yarın kesilecek. It will be cut tomorrow. Active Potential Future kesebilmek [kes‑ebil‑mek] to be able to cut O, yarın onu kesebilecek. He, will be able to cut it tomorrow. Passive Potential Future kesilebilmek [kes‑il‑ebil‑mek] To be able to be to be cut O, yarın kesilebilecek. It will be able to be cut tomorrow.   Ch. 20 : Past Tense The Past Tenses The Definite Past Tenses Was it seen? There are two Past Tenses in Turkish. The Definite Past Tenses "Seen Tenses" are used when you have personal knowledge and witness of the action. These Definite Past tenses are like the English: Past Perfect Tense I have made it Past Simple Tense I made it Past Continuous {Gram:Imperfect) I was making it Past in the Past (Gram: Pluperfect) I had made it. The Indefinite Past Tenses Was it heard? The Indefinite Past Tenses "Heard Tenses" are used by inference to transfer information that you have not actually seen and witnessed yourself. There is no inferential tense in English, not many languages have one, consequently the idea of inference is communicated by other ways. English speakers do this automatically: I think that I went out. [doubt] Presumably you have left. [possibility] He has left as far as I know. [reportative] I think that we left at. [uncertainty] They say that you went out. [hearsay] Its pretty sure that they have left. [probability] All the examples above show that this tense is used whenever the speaker has not been an eyewitness to the past events. The Inferential Tense is used for reporting un‑witnessed events, or implying possibility, doubt or uncertainty. It is often used in telling jokes as the content of the joke is just a story. Definite Past Tense Formation The Tense Sign is the suffix ‑dı‑ ‑di‑ ‑du‑ ‑dü‑ or ‑tı‑ ‑ti‑ ‑tu‑ ‑tü‑ when added to verb root ending in p ç k t ş plus the personal pronoun are added to the verb stem. Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation rules are applied. There is no buffer "‑y‑" used with the verbal past tense suffixes as there is with the past tense of the verb "to be", the defunct "imek". See Ch. 15. Continuous Past: Geliyordum [Geliyor‑dum] I was coming Past Tense suffixes are added to Continuous Tense base. Simple Past: Gelirdim [Gelir‑dim] I used to come Past Tense suffixes are added to Simple Tense base. Future Past (Future in the Past): Gelecektim [Gelecek‑tim] I was going to come, I would have come Past Tense suffixes are added to Future Tense base. Pluperfect (Past in the Past): Gelmiştim [Gelmiş‑tim] I had come Past Tense suffixes are added to Past Participle Tense base. The ‑miş suffix here does not convey any inferential meaning in the Pluperfect Tense. Necessitative Past (Obligation in the Past): Gelmeliydim [Gelmeli‑ydim] I had to come Past Tense suffixes are added to Necessitative Mood base. Conditional Past: Gelseydim [Gelse‑ydim] If only I had come Past Tense suffixes are added to Conditional Mood base. Definite Past: A‑UnDotted Vowel Group Vowel Stem "‑a‑" anlamak to understand anladım [anla‑dı‑m] I understood anladın [anla‑dı‑n] you understood

1. anladı [anla‑dı] he understood

anladık [anla‑dı‑k] we understood anladınız [anla‑dı‑nız] you understood anladılar [anla‑dı‑lar] they understood Stem "‑ı‑" çıkmak to go out/exit çıktım [çık‑tı‑m] I went out çıktın you went out

1. çıktı he went out

çıktık we went out çıktınız you went out çıktılar they went out Stem "‑o‑" koşmak to run koştum [koş‑tu‑m] I ran koştun you ran (o) koştu he ran koştuk we ran koştunuz you ran koştular they ran Stem "‑u‑" bulmak to find buldum [bul‑du‑m] I found buldun you found

1. buldu he found

bulduk we found buldunuz you found buldular they found Definite Past: E‑Dotted Vowel Group Vowel Stem "‑e‑" gelmek to come geldim [gel‑di‑m] I came geldin [gel‑di‑n] you came

1. geldi [gel‑di] he⁄she⁄it came

geldik [gel‑di‑k] we came geldiniz[gel‑di‑niz] you came geldiler [gel‑di‑ler] they came Stem "‑i‑" içmek to drink/smoke içtim [iç‑ti‑m] I drank/smoked içtin you drank/smoked

1. içti he drank/smoked

içtik we drank/smoked içtiniz you drank/smoked içtiler they drank/smoked Stem "‑ö‑" görmek to see gördüm [gör‑dü‑m] I saw gördün you saw

1. gördü he⁄she⁄it saw

gördük we saw gördünüz you saw gördüler they saw Stem "‑ü‑" gülmek to laugh güldüm [gül‑dü‑m] I laughed güldün you laughed

1. güldü he⁄she⁄it laughed

güldük we laughed güldünüz you laughed güldüler they laughed Indefinite Past (Inferential) Formation Inference:; Based on interpretation; not directly expressed. The Sign of the Indefinite (Inferential) Past is the addition of the suffix ‑miş‑‑mış‑ ‑müş‑ ‑muş‑ to which the Past Tense Personal suffixes are added. Past Inferential Gelmişim [Gel‑miş‑im] It seems (they say) I came Inferential Tense suffixes are added to the Root Verb base. Continuous Inferential Geliyormuşum [Gel‑iyor‑muş‑um] It seems (they say) I am coming Inferential Tense suffixes are added to the Continuous Tense base. Future Inferential Gelecekmişim [Gel‑ecekm‑iş‑im] It seems I would have come Inferential Tense suffixes are added to the Future Tense base. Simple Inferential: Gelirmişim [Gel‑ir‑miş‑im] It seems I come Inferential Tense suffixes are added to the Simple Tense base. Necessitative Inferential Gelmeliymişim [Gel‑meli‑ymiş‑im] They say I must come Inferential Tense suffixes are added to the Necessitative Mood base. Conditional Inferential Gelseymişim [Gel‑se‑ymiş‑im] If only I had come Inferential Tense suffixes are added to the Conditional Mood base. The form "must have" has been used to give the sense of inference in these examples by showing that there is a doubt in what we are saying. There are many ways of modifying our speech in English to show these various nuances of doubt, uncertainty or hearsay. All these modifications and nuances are inherent in the Turkish Inferential ‑miş‑Tense itself so extra words of explanation are not required for inference as in English. Indefinite Past Tense Examples (‑miş) Indefinite Past: A‑UnDotted Vowel Group The Tense Sign suffix ‑miş‑ ‑mış‑ ‑müş‑ ‑muş‑ showing English inference as "apparently" and the personal ending are added to the verb stem. Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation rules are applied. Verb Stem "‑a‑" anlamak to understand anlamışım [anla‑mış‑ım] I (apparently) have understood anlamışsın [anla‑mış‑sın] you (apparently) have understood

1. anlamış [anla‑mış]

he must (apparently) understood anlamışız [anla‑mış‑ız] we must (apparently) understood anlamışsınız [anla‑mış‑sınız] you (apparently) have understood anlamışlar [anla‑mış‑lar] they must (apparently) understood Verb Stem "‑ı‑" çıkmak to go out/exit çıkmışım [çık‑mış‑ım] I (apparently) have gone out çıkmışsın you (apparently) have gone out (o) çıkmış he (apparently) have gone out çıkmışız we (apparently) have gone out çıkmışsınız you (apparently) have gone out çıkmışlar they (apparently) have gone out Verb Stem "‑o‑" koşmak to run koşmuşum [koş‑muş‑um] I (apparently) have run koşmuşsun you (apparently) have run (o) koşmuş he (apparently) have run koşmuşuz we (apparently) have run koşmuşsunuz you (apparently) have run koşmuşlar they (apparently) have run Verb Stem "‑u‑" bulmak to find bulmuşum [bul‑muş‑um] I (apparently) have found bulmuşsun you (apparently) have found (o) bulmuş he (apparently) have found bulmuşuz we (apparently) have found bulmuşsunuz you (apparently) have found bulmuşlar they (apparently) have found Indefinite Past: E‑Dotted Vowel Group Showing English Inference as "must have" = "apparently" Verb Stem "‑e‑" gelmek to come gelmişim [gel‑miş‑im] I (must) have come gelmişsin [gel‑miş‑sin] you (must) have come

1. gelmiş [gel‑miş] he⁄she⁄it (must) have come

gelmişiz [gel‑miş‑iz] we (must) have come gelmişsiniz [gel‑miş‑siniz] you (must) have come gelmişler [gel‑miş‑ler] they (must) have come Verb Stem "‑i‑" içmek to drink/smoke içmişim [iç‑miş‑im] I (must) have drunk/smoked içmişsin you (must) have drunk/smoked (o) içmiş he (must) have drunk/smoked içmişiz we (must) have drunk/smoked içmişsiniz you (must) have drunk/smoked içmişler they (must) have drunk/smoked Verb Stem "‑ö‑" görmek to see görmüşüm [gör‑müş‑üm] I (must) have seen görmüşsün you (must) have seen (o) görmüş he⁄she⁄it (must) have seen görmüşüz we (must) have seen görmüşsünüz you (must) have seen görmüşler they (must) have seen Verb Stem "‑ü‑" gülmek to laugh gülmüşüm [gül‑müş‑üm] I (must have laughed gülmüşsün you (must) have laughed (o) gülmüş he⁄she⁄it must have laughed gülmüşüz we (must) have laughed gülmüşsünüz you (must) have laughed gülmüşler they (must) have laughed Negative Forms of Past Tense For the Perfect Past Tense Definite Witnessed the suffix ‑dı‑ ‑di‑ ‑du‑ ‑dü‑ is added to the negative verb form. This suffix mutates to ‑tı‑ ‑ti‑ ‑tu‑ ‑tü‑ when added to verb roots which terminate in an unvoiced consonant. For the Perfect Past Tense Indefinite (Un‑witnessed) the suffix ‑mış‑ ‑miş‑‑muş‑ müş‑ is added to the negative verb form. Personal pronouns are then added to complete the personalized verb. Negative Past Definite Witnessed anlamadım I didn't understand I have not understood anlamadın you didn't understand you have not understood (o) anlamadı he, she, it didn't understand he has not understood anlamadık we didn't understand we have not understood anlamadınız you didn't understand you have not understood anlamadılar they don't understand they have not understood gitmedim I didn't go I have not gone gitmedin you didn't go you have not gone (o) gitmedi he, she, it didn't go he has not gone gitmedik we didn't go we have not gone gitmediniz you didn't go you have not gone gitmediler they don't go they have not gone Negative Past Inferential Un‑witnessed anlamamışım I have not understood it seems anlamamışın you have not understood it seems (o) anlamamış he has not understood it seems anlamamışız we have not understood it seems anlamamışsınız you have not understood it seems anlamamışlar they have not understood it seems gitmemişim I probably did not go gitmemişsin you probably did not go (o) gitmemiş he probably did not go gitmemişiz we probably did not go gitmemişsiniz you probably did not go gitmemişler they probably did not go The inferential suffix in ‑miş is understood in context in Turkish. I can mean "it seems, it is not known, may be, might be, could be" and any meaning that cannot be stated as definite. Definite Past Continuous Tense This is formed in a similar way to English. The Turkish Forms are suffixed. Positive Verb stem + Present Tense suffix "‑iyor‑" + Past Tense suffix "‑di‑" + Personal ending.   Definite Past Continuous Positive: gelmek to come geliyordum (gel‑iyor‑du‑m) I was coming geliyordun you were coming

1. geliyordu he⁄she⁄it was coming

geliyorduk we were coming geliyordunuz you were coming geliyorlardı geliyordular OR they were coming Definite Past Continuous Negative: gitmemek to not go gitmiyordum (gitm‑iyor‑du‑m) I wasn't going gitmiyordun you weren't going

1. gitmiyordu he⁄she⁄it wasn't going

gitmiyorduk we weren't going gitmiyordunuz you weren't going gitmiyorlardı OR gitmiyordular they weren't going All the meanings above must be construed as witnessed (definite). It is true. Questions in the Definite Past Tenses The mi? question particle follows the full verb in the Past Tense. Okula gittin mi? Did you go to school? Okula gitmeli miydin? [‑meli the Necessitative Mood] Did you have to go to school? Henüz Ayşe hanım ders çalıştı mı? Has Miss Ayshe done her lesson yet? Henüz Ayşe hanım ders çalışmadı mı? Hasn't Miss Ayshe done her lesson yet? Mehmet televizyon seyrediyor muydu? [television generally, without object pointer] Was Mehmet watching television? Mehmet televizyonu seyrediyor muydu? [a particular television with object pointer] Was Mehmet watching THE television? Kemal gazete okudu mu? ["gazete" non‑specific object.] Did Kemal read a newspaper? Kemal gazeteyi okudu mu? ["gazete‑yi" specified object.] Did Kemal read THE newspaper? Kemal bu gazeteyi okudu mu? ["bu gazeteyi" demonstrated specific object.] Did Kemal read THIS newspaper? Serhan içki içti mi? ["içki" "alcoholic drink"] Did Serhan drink alcohol? Serhan içki içiyor muydu? Was Serhan drinking alcohol? Faruk Ankara'ya gitti mi? Has Faruk gone Ankara? Faruk Ankara'ya gidebildi mi? Was Faruk able to go Ankara? Definite Past Perfect (Past in the Past). This tense signifies the Past in The Past. English says: "I had done it" Past Perfect Definite. "I thought I had done it" Past Perfect Indefinite. The Past Perfect Definite is formed by adding the definite past tense suffix to the Indefinite Past Tense ‑miş form of the verb. There is no hearsay or doubt in the meaning of this tense as it is made definite and specific by the addition of the Past definite suffix in ‑di. gelmiştim [gelmiş‑tim] I had come unutmuştun [unutmuş‑tun] you had forgotten yürümüştü [yürümüş‑tü] he had walked bilmiştik [bilmiş‑tik] we had known çıkmıştınız [çıkmış‑tınız] you had gone out anlamıştılar [anlamış‑tılar] they had understood Indefinite Past Perfect. (Past in the Past) The Past Perfect Indefinite is formed by adding the indefinite past tense suffix ‑miş to the Indefinite Past Tense "‑miş" form of the verb. There is hearsay or doubt in the meaning of this tense as it is made indefinite and unspecific by the addition of the Past Indefinite suffix in ‑miş. In English this tense can be translated as: I believe that he had gone. We think that he had arrived. Presumably the train had been on time. All showing some uncertainty or lack of prior knowledge. This tense is widely used on a daily basis in spoken and written Turkish. We can show some of the (English) shades of meaning by example: çıkmışmışım I think that I had gone out [doubt] çıkmışmışsın Presumably you had left [possibility] çıkmışmış He had left as far as I know [reportative] çıkmışmışız I think that we had left [uncertainty] çıkmışmışsınız They say that you had gone out [hearsay] çıkmışmışlar It was pretty sure that they had left [probability] These show that this tense is used whenever the speaker has not been an eyewitness to the past events. Mehmet çıktı mı? Has Mehmet gone out? We could answer in the Past Definite Tense: O çıktı. He has gone out. meaning "Yes he has gone out for sure, I saw him go." Or we may answer in the Past Inferential Tense: O çıkmış. He has gone out. meaning "As far as I know he has left, but I did not actually see him go myself." All this meaning is within the ‑miş Inferential Past Tense itself. Negative Indefinite Past Perfect yapmamak [yapma‑mak] to not do The words "I think that" and the other bracketed words are not required in Turkish. The Inferential ‑miş is used instead. Ben yapmamışım ki. (I think that) I did not do it. Sen yapmamışsın ki. (They say that) You did not do it. O yapmamış ki. (It seems that) He did not do it. Biz yapmamışız ki. (They say that) We did not do it. Siz yapmamışsınız ki. (It is reported that) You did not do it. Onlar yapmamışlar ki. (Apparently) They did not do it. (but they might have done it.) Here "ki" is an object "it, that" which completes the sentence by providing an object for a transitive verb. Indefinite Past Questions Positive Interrogative Inferential The English inference shown does not need to be said in Turkish as it is understood in the ‑miş suffix. The Personalized Interrogative Particle ‑mi ‑mı ‑mü ‑mu is written separately and follows the verb. Onu yapmış mıyım? Have I done it? [I wonder] Did I do it? [I'm not sure] Onu yapmış mısın? Have you done it? [at all] Did you do it? [anyrate] Onu yapmış mı? Has he done it? [then] Did he do it? [yet] Onu yapmış mıyız? Have we done it? [I wonder] Did we do it? [I'm not sure] Onu yapmış mısınız? Have you done it? [at all] Did you do it? [any rate] Onu yapmışlar mı? Have they done it? [surely] Did they do it? [yet] Negative Interrogative Inferential There are many ways of showing inference in English, even the tone of the voice can be enough. The examples above and below to show doubt, uncertainly and lack of prior knowledge, to which the Turkish Inferential Tense already inherently contains within itself. Onu yapmamış mıyım? Haven't I done it? [I wonder] Didn't I do it? [I'm not sure] Onu yapmamış mısın? Haven't you done it? [at all] Didn't you do it? [any rate] Onu yapmamış mı? Hasn't he done it? [then] Didn't he do it? [yet] Onu yapmamış mıyız? Haven't we done it? [I wonder] Didn't we do it? [perhaps not] Onu yapmamış mısınız? Haven't you done it? [at all] Didn't you do it? [any rate] Onu yapmamışlar mı? Haven't they done it? [surely] Didn't they do it? [yet] Çıkmış mi? Has he (seemingly) left? [would you know? possibility.] Gülmüşler mi ? Did they laugh? (at all?) [a question asking for a report.] Onu yapmamış mısınız? Haven't you done it? [at all? uncertainty.] Onu yapmamış mısınız? You haven't (gone and) done it have you? [doubt and incredulity] Indefinite Past Continuous This Tense is used regularly in Turkish whereas in English its use is occasional. Formed with the Negative Verb Stem + Present Tense suffix ‑iyor‑ + Inferential Tense suffix ‑miş‑ + Personal ending. Positive Inferentialbilmek to come biliyormuşum [bil‑iyor‑muş‑um] (it seems that) I was knowing biliyormuşsun you were knowing

1. biliyormuş he⁄she⁄it was knowing

biliyormuşuz we were knowing biliyormuşsunuz you were knowing biliyorlarmış OR biliyormuşlar they were knowing Negative Inferential okumamak to not read okumuyormuşum [okum‑uyor‑muşum] (it seems that) I wasn't reading okumuyormuşsun you weren't reading (o) okumuyormuş he⁄she⁄it wasn't reading okumuyormuşuz we weren't reading okumuyormuşsunuz you weren't reading okumuyorlarmış OR okumuyormuşlar they weren't reading The meaning is indefinite and un‑witnessed "It may or may not be true". anlamamak to not understand anlamıyormuşum it seem that I was not understanding anlamıyormuşsun it seem that you were not understanding anlamıyormuş it seem that he was not understanding anlamıyormuşuz it seem that we were not understanding anlamıyormuşsunuz it seem that you were not understanding anlamıyorlarmış OR anlamıyormışlar it seem that they were not understanding gitmemek not to go gitmiyormuşum I do not think that I was going gitmiyormuşsun I do not think that you were going gitmiyormuş I am pretty sure that he is not going gitmiyormuşuz I think that we are not going gitmiyormuşsunuz I believe that you are not going gitmiyorlarmış OR gitmiyormışlar apparently they are not going almak to take Definite Positive: aldı he took Indefinite Positive: almış probably he took almamak to not take Definite Negative: almadı he did not take Indefinite Negative: almamış he probably did not take aramak to look for aradı aramadı aramış aramamış bitmek to end bitti bitmedi bitmiş bitmemiş içmek to drink/smoke içti içmedi içmiş içmemiş başlamak to start başladı başlamadı başlamış başlamamış çalışmak to work çalıştı çalışmadı çalışmış çalışmamış gelmek to come geldi gelmedi gelmiş gelmemiş görmek to see gördü görmedi görmüş görmemiş gülmek to laugh güldü gülmedi gülmüş gülmemiş kızmak to get angry kızdı kızmadı kızmış kızmamış okumak to read okudu okumadı okumuş okumamış vermek to give verdi vermedi vermiş vermemiş yapmak to do/make yaptı yapmadı yapmış yapmamış A Joke in the Inferential Tense. This is not a true event and the use of the inferential shows this. Temel İngiltere'ye gitmişti. It seems Temel had gone to England. Arkadaşları Temel'e İngilizce bilmezdin İngiltere'de çok sıkıntı çektin mi? demişler. Temel's friends said "You didn't know English. In England did you have a lot of trouble?" Temel Hayır, sıkıntıyı asıl İngilizler çekti, demiş. Temel said "No. It was the English who had the trouble."   Ch. 21 : The Conditional Mood The Conditional Tenses In English the Conditional Tenses are formed with that very important little word "if" Conditional "if" sentences are often introduced with the word eğer if, and less commonly şayet lest, unless. In Turkish eğer and şayet are conditional pointers. They alert the listener that a Condition and Result are following. They do not have any direct meaning, they are "alerters". Condition and Result Real and Unreal We recognize and use Conditional Sentences with ease in our Mother Tongue, English. Conditional Sentences are not so easy to recognize in Turkish as they appear as a Mood of the verb itself. If we leave at noon, we will arrive on time. If you pass the exam, I shall give you a present. If you had passed the exam, I would have given you a present. Unless you pass the exam, you can not apply for a university place. Unless you work hard, you will not be successful. Take whichever one that you want. If you want that one then take it. There are many ways of introducing the Conditional in English "if, if ever, whenever, whatever, whichever, however" and the simple forms "when, what, which, how". In the negative "if not" can be replaced with "unless" and the older "lest." All the mood forms of the verb can be used "can, must, would, might, may, should". The same is true for Turkish. The Real Conditional This is used to express condition and result based on fact in both the Present and the Future. Eğer erken kalkarsan, kahvaltıyı yapabilirsen. If you get up early, you can make the breakfast. Eğer erken kalkarsan, bizi beklersin. If you get up early, wait for us. Eğer sana yardım edebilirsem, memnun olacağım. If I can help you, I will be happy. The Unreal Conditional Is used to express unreal results or wishes and desires in the Present and Future. Şayet çok antrenör edemezsen, asla koşu kazanmayacaksın. If you do not train a lot, you will never win the race. Şayet sigaradan vazgeçersen, daha sıhhatli kendi kendine hissedersin. If you give cigarettes up you will feel healthier. The Past Conditional Is used to state Conditions in the Past that did not happen. Often use to express criticism or regret. (Eğer) Erken kalksaydın, bizi bekleyecektin. If you had got up early, you would have waited for us. (Şayet) Kötü hava olmasaydı, çarsıya gidecektik. If the weather had not been bad, we would have gone to the shops. Bu lokantaya gelmeseydim, senle görüşemedim. If I had not come to this cafe, I would not have met you. O lokantaya gitseydim, senle görüşürdüm. If I had gone to that cafe, I would have met you. The "alerters" Eğer [positive] and Şayet [negative] are often omitted in conversation. The changes of tense and mood of the verbs show the meaning in English. The same is true for Turkish, the correct tenses and moods of condition and result must be used to adequately communicate the correct meaning of the statement. English uses its normal tenses and the condition is produced by insertion of that little word "if". Turkish however, together with many other languages, has a special Conditional Tense Form. The Conditional Suffix. The Turkish Conditional is characterized by the suffix ‑se‑ or ‑sa‑ according to Vowel Harmony rule. The positive is var there is, there are which becomes varsa if there is, if there are with the addition of the ‑sa Conditional Suffix. The negative is based on yok there isn't, there aren't which becomes yoksa if there isn't, if there aren't Paranız varsa bana verin. If you have (any) money (then) give it to me. Bir taksi yoksa burada kalalım. If there isn't a taxi (then) let's stay here. The Conditional Tenses of verbs are formed by adding the Conditional Personal endings to the ‑se‑ or ‑sa‑ suffix to the verb in any suitable tense or mood. The mark of the Conditional Suffix follows Vowel Harmony Rules, therefore there are two forms ‑se or ‑sa to choose from. Person E‑Dotted A‑UnDotted If I ‑sem ‑sam If you ‑sen ‑san If he ‑se ‑sa If we ‑sek ‑sak If you ‑seniz ‑sanız If they ‑seler ‑salar The Conditional suffix is added to tenses and moods. yaparsam [yap‑ar‑sam] if I do giriyorsan [gir‑iyor‑san] if you are entering kesilecekse [kes‑il‑ecek‑se] if it will be cut, if it is to be cut anlaşmasaydık [anlaşma‑sa‑ydık] if we have not agreed mutlu olmayacaksanız [olma‑y‑acak‑sa‑nız] if you will not be happy gelebilecekseler [gel‑ebil‑ecek‑se‑ler] if they will be able to come gelemezsem If I cannot come yazabilirsen If you can write gülse If he laughs içsek If we drink görebilirseniz If you can see yapmalısalar If must they do Conditional Tense: Simple Actual gelsem if I were to come gelsen if you were to come gelse if he were to comes gelsek if we were to come gelseniz if you were to come gelseler if they were to come Conditional Tense: Present Continuous geliyorsam if I am coming geliyorsan if you are coming geliyorsa if he is coming geliyorsak if we coming geliyorsanız if you are coming geliyorsalar if they are coming Conditional Tense: Simple Habitual gelirsem if I (usually) come gelirsen if you (usually) come gelirse if he (usually) comes gelirsek if we (usually) come gelirseniz if you (usually) come gelirseler if they (usually) come Conditional Tense: Future Intention geleceksem if I (will) come geleceksen if you (will) come gelecekse if he (will) come geleceksek if we (will) come gelecekseniz if you (will) come gelecekseler if they (will) come Conditional Tense: Real Past geldiysem if I came geldiysen if you came geldiyse if he came geldiysek if we came geldiyseniz if you came geldiyseler if they came Conditional Tense: Unreal Past gelseydim If only I had come gelseydin If only had come gelseydi If only had come gelseydik If only we had come gelseydiniz If only you had come gelseydiler If only they had come Conditional Negative Tenses Conditional Tense: Negative Simple Actual gelmesem if I were not to come gelmesen if you were not to come gelmese if he were to not comes gelmesek if we were not not come gelmeseniz if you were not to come gelmeseler if they were not to come Conditional Tense: Negative Present Continuous gelmiyorsam if I am not coming gelmiyorsan if you are not coming gelmiyorsa if he is not coming gelmiyorsak if we are not coming gelmiyorsanız if you are not coming gelmiyorsalar if they are not coming Conditional Tense: Negative Simple Habitual gelmezsem if I (usually) do not come gelmezsen if you (usually) do not come gelmezse if he (usually) do not comes gelmezsek if we (usually) do not come gelmezseniz if you (usually) do not come gelmezseler if they (usually) do not come Conditional Tense: Negative Future gelmeyeceksem if I (will) not come gelmeyeceksen if you (will) not come gelmeyecekse if he (will) not come gelmeyeceksek if we (will) not come gelmeyecekseniz if you (will) not come gelmeyecekseler if they (will) not come Conditional Tense: Negative Past Real gelmediysem if I had not come gelmediysen if you had not come gelmediyse if he had not come gelmediysek if we had not come gelmediyseniz if you had not come gelmediyseler if they had not come Conditional Tense: Negative Past Unreal gelmeseydim If only I had not come gelmeseydin If only you had not come gelmeseydi If only he had not come gelmeseydik If only we had not come gelmeseydiniz If only you not had come gelmeseydiler If only they had not come Conditional Examples in other Tenses There are other tense form (such as the Inferential Tense) which are used in conditional sentences. The ‑se‑ or ‑sa‑ form of the verbal suffix is used for conditional "if" Erken varırsanız, beklemelisiniz. If you arrive early, you will have to wait. Erken varırsanız, beklersiniz. If you arrive early, you would have to wait. Erken varsaydınız, bekleyecektiniz. If you had arrived early, you would have had to wait. Sana yardım edebilirlerse, yardım edecekler. They will help you if they can. Sana yardım etseler, yardım ederler. They would help you if they could. Sana yardım edebilseydiler, (yardım) ederlerdi. They would have helped you if they could have. Fazla içersen sarhoş olursun. If you drink too much you get drunk. Çok çalışmazsan, sınavı geçemeyeceksin Unless you work hard you will not be able to pass your test. Sigara içmeyi bırakırsan, daha uzun yaşarsın. If you stop smoking you will live longer. Yağmur yağmasaydı dışarı çıkacaktık. We would have gone out if it had stopped raining. Eğer buradan gitseydim sana yazardım. If I had gone away, I would have written to you. Verbs of Condition There are some verbs in the Turkish vocabulary that already have a "conditional feeling" within themselves. They can be recognized as they contain ‑sa‑/‑se‑ conditional sign within the verb stem itself. The meaning of these verbs is best translated as "to regard as + verb". An example of this effect is the verb gülümsemek to smile which becomes gülümsiyorum; I am smiling. The "conditional sign" ‑se‑ is part of the verb stem, so the verb itself can have the meaning "to regard as laughing". This method can be applied to form other conditional-type verb stems. küçümsemek to belittle [to consider as small] kötümsemek to disparage [to consider as bad] benimsemek to appropriate [to consider as personal] çekimsemek to refrain from [to consider as absent] gereksemek to consider as necessary hafifsemek to take s.o lightly [to consider as light] yakınsamak to converge [to consider as nearing] umursamak to care [to have consideration] çıkarsamak to infer, to deduce [to consider as resulting in] Although this is not really part of the conditional tense itself, it is mentioned here as an aid for understanding when reading Turkish. These verbs can also appear in their true Conditional Mood: Gülümsüyorsam. If I am smiling. Onu gereksemiyorsak. If we do not consider it necessary.   Ch. 22 : Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs There are two main auxiliary verbs in Turkish:

1. etmek to do, to make, to perform. This auxiliary is used to make Active Tenses.

Babamı mutlu ettim. I made my father happy.

1. olmak to be, to become, to happen, to occur. This auxiliary is used to make Passive Tenses.

Seni görünce mutlu oldum. I became happy on seeing you. Auxiliary verb: etmek to do/to perform etmek makes active verbs from nouns. telefon etmek to telephone dans etmek to dance şikâyet etmek to complain tereddüt etmek to hesitate zannetmek [also: zan etmek] to suppose sabretmek [also: sabir etmek] to be patient affetmek [also: af etmek] to pardon seyretmek [also: seyir etmek] to watch kaybetmek [also: kayıp etmek] to lose hissetmek [also: his etmek] to feel The auxiliary ‑etmek is directly joined to single syllable word stems otherwise etmek is written separately. The verbs dans etmek and park etmek are irregularities, being added to a foreign imported word and are written separately. etmek is also used with many Arabic and Persian words to form verbs where none exist in modern Turkish: teşekkür (arabic) a thanking teşekkür etmek to thank somebody teşekkür ederim (I) thank you Many Arabic words do not follow the rules of vowel harmony within themselves but any Turkish suffixes added will always be governed by the final vowel in the word, although there are a few exceptions to this. One we have already met saat hour becomes saatler hours. Sometimes in Turkish there are two words in general use for the same meaning, one Arabic using etmek to form its verb, whilst the Turkish rooted word will follow normal rules of conjugation: tamir etmek [arab] to repair or onarmak [turk] to repair kara [turk] black or siyah [arab] black yıl [turk] year or sene [arab] year Auxiliary Uses of etmek

1. "to do, make, perform" servis etmek to serve
2. "to do well or badly" iyi etmek To do well iyi ettin!

you did well!   iyi etmedin! you did not do well!

1. "to equal (in numbers)"

Beş üç daha sekiz eder. 5 plus three makes 8

1. "to be worth"

Bu masa yüz elli bin eder. This table is worth 150,000. 5. "to amount to" Toplam yüz elli lira ediyor. The total amounts to 150 lira. Single Syllable Verb Roots with "etmek" If verbs are formed with a single syllable root then etmek is affixed directly to that root, which if it ends in a consonant will generally double that consonant. af pardon [Arabic] affetmek to beg pardon affedersiniz! Pardon! ret a refusal [Arabic] This Arabic root takes a doubled "‑dd" when adding a verb form reddetmek to refuse reddederim! I refuse! etmek as a Verb of Completion. Its basic meaning when it is used alone, is to do, perform, commit an action as in intihar etmek to commit suicide. kastetmek to intend, to mean bahsetmek to mention terketmek (terk etmek) to leave, to quit yardım etmek to help, to aid kabul etmek to accept farketmek (fark etmek) to notice, to realize Etmek is also used to make Turkish verbs from imported foreign words. izole etmekto isolate, to insulate Şu fişi izole ettim. I have isolated that plug. download etmek to download Bunu da download edelim. Let's download this as well. farketmek [fark etmek] to notice, to realize O köşeyi farketmedim [fark etmedim] I did not notice that corner. Park etmek to park a car Arabayı tam buraya park etmiştim. I had just parked my car right here. park yapmak is also found. Turkish has not yet settled on which auxiliary verb to use in this case. Although etmek is an auxiliary verb, it is not used like the auxiliary verbs in English. English: Are you coming to the party tonight? Yes I am. The English short answer includes only I am without the verb "coming". Turkish: Bu akşamki partiye geliyor musun? Evet geliyorum. Turkish has to include the geliyorum verb since it does not include an auxiliary like the "to be" verb of English. English: Did you accept this after all? Yes I did. The short answer in English is I did without the verb "accept". Turkish: Herşeye rağmen kabul ettin mi onu? Evet ettim. The short answer in Turkish is ettim without the noun "kabul". In this case etmek can be used alone as a short answer. Etmek and Vowel Harmony etmek being a verb in its own right does not change its own vowels when suffixed to Turkish or foreign roots. When it is used as an auxiliary to nouns of more than one syllable then it is written separately and conjugated in the normal manner: Etmek forms transitive verbs Transitive verbs have an Object ayıp a shaming ayıp etmek to cause/make a shame Onun için Mehmet bana ayıp etti. Because of it/that Mehmet shamed me. ["ayıp etmek" takes a Motion Toward (Dative Object). In this case "bana to me"] teslim a delivering [Arabic] teslim etmek to deliver Mektubu teslim ettim. I delivered the letter. Koliyi teslim ettirdiniz. ["et‑tir‑mek" Causative Verb form] You had the the parcel delivered. tamir a repairing [Arabic] tamir etmek to repair Onu tamir etsek. If we repair it/that. Onu tamir edemem. I can't repair it/that. kontrol a checking [Eng. Fr.] kontrol etmek to check Onu kontrol ettiler. They checked it/that. Onu kontrol edebilir misiniz? Would you check it/that? ret a refusing [Arabic] reddetmek to refuse Onu reddedeceğiz. We shall refuse it/that Onu reddedelim. Let's refuse it/that takdir an appreciation [Arabic] takdir etmek to appreciate Ahmet, onu takdir etti. Ahmet appreciated it/that. Ali, onu takdir edememiş. (Probably) Ali couldn't have appreciated it/that. Active and Passive Auxiliaries etmek to do, to perform, to make forms verbs which are transitive (ie verbs which have a direct object), whereas the use of olmak to be, to become causes the same verb to be intransitive (ie. a verb which does not have an object). Examples with the passive auxiliary verb edilmek. Using the passive form causes the sense to become intransitive. teslim a delivering, teslim etmek to deliver.[Active ] Ali, mektubu teslim etti. Ali delivered the letter. [Active with mektubu in the objective case.] teslim edilmek to be delivered [Passive] Dün teslim edildi. It was delivered yesterday. Mektup teslim edildi. The letter has been delivered [Passive with edilmek and mektup as the subject] tamir edilmek to repair [passive] O tamir edilecek It (as subject.) will be repaired O tamir edilemedi. [ed‑il‑e‑me‑di] It (as subject) could not have been repaired. kontrol edilmek to be checked O kontrol edildi. It has been checked. Onu kontrol edilebilecek mi? [ed‑il‑ebil‑ecek mi?] Can it be repaired? ret a refusing reddedilmek to be refused Ben, reddedildim. I was refused O, reddedilince. On it being refused takdir an appreciation takdir edilmek to be appreciated Ahmet, takdir edildi. Ahmet was appreciated Ali, takdir edilecek . Ali will be appreciated. olmak to be/become The Passive can be formed with the Passive of etmek, edilmek but is often replaced by the verb olmak to become or its Passive Form olunmak to become without any change in meaning. This verb meaning to be/to become is also used as an auxiliary with foreign loan words. It is also attached directly to single syllable roots or written separately when used with roots of more that one syllable. It does not change its own vowels as it is a verb in its own right. One of its most important auxiliary functions is its use as the Future Tense and Potential Mood of the verb to be hazır ready hazırım. I am ready. hazır olacağım.[Future] I shall be ready. zengin rich zenginsiniz you are rich zengin olsaydınız [Conditional] If you had been rich. yoksul poor

• yoksul he is poor
• yoksul olabilir. [Potential] He may be poor.

The Passive use of olmak When used with loan word to form verbs it gives the sense of being in a state of pişman a regretting Pişman oldum . I regret/I was sorry. fena bad/ill Fena oluyorum . I feel ill.