The Lacking Condition "‑siz ‑sız ‑süz ‑suz" The Suffix ‑siz ‑sız ‑süz ‑suz without, un‑, non‑, ‑less, dis‑ This suffix gives the sense of lacking. In English it can be translated as un‑ as in unavailable or ‑less as in worthless or dis‑ as in distaste. ehliyet licence ehliyetsiz [ehliyet‑siz] unlicensed ehliyetli [ehliyet‑li] licensed renk colour renksiz [renk‑siz] colourless renkli [renk‑li] coloured sabır patience sabırsız impatient sabırlı patient işaret sign işaretsiz unsigned işaretli signed ses noise sessiz noiseless sesli noisy şeker sugar şekersiz unsugared şekerli sugared, sweetened namus honesty namussuz dishonest namuslu honest Bir çay, şekersiz olsun, lütfen. A tea, no sugar, please. Sonsuz bir yolculuk gibiydi. It was like an endless journey. Sensiz gidiyorum I'm going without you. Değersiz bir saat aldım. I bought a worthless watch. İçkisiz bir aile gazinosuna gittik. We went to a non‑alcoholic family restaurant. içkisiz means without alcoholic drinks [ie: Alcohol is not served] is seen on many Public Signs. Plural nouns are formed by adding the ‑ler or ‑lar plural suffix to an adjective: sabırsızlar [sabır‑sız‑lar] the impatient ones şekersizler [şeker‑siz‑ler] the unsugared ones renksizler [renk‑siz‑ler] the uncoloured/colourless ones Dependent Adverbs Dependant adverbs require that the preceding noun have the Motion Towards (dative) ‑e/‑ye, ‑a/‑ya to/toward suffix: ‑e nazaran compared with buna nazaran compared to this bunlara nazaran compared to these şuna nazaran compared to that şunlara nazaran compared to those ona nazaran compared to that onlara nazaran compared to those Düne nazaran bugün hava daha güzel Compared to yesterday, the weather is better today. Rakiplerine nazaran ücretsizdir. Compared to the competitors it is price free. ‑e kadar up to, until, as far as. şimdiye kadar [şimdi‑ye kadar] up to now Ankara'ya kadar as far as Ankara Gelecek pazara kadar bekleyelim. Let us wait until next Sunday. Çarşıya kadar gidiyorum. I am going as far as the shops. ‑e doğru straight toward. bankaya doğru [banka‑ya doğru] straight to the bank Eve doğru git! Go staight home! Evden okula doğru gidin. Go straight to school from home. ‑e göre according to, compared to bana göre according to me sana göre according to you Memed'e göre according to Mehmet. This has both or either the comparing to and according to meanings in a sentence. Yeni plâna göre, evimizin arka bahçesi küçültülecekmiş. [plân‑a göre] According to the new plan our back garden will be made smaller. Okuduğun kitap benimkine göre daha kalın görünüyor. [benim‑ki‑n‑e göre] The book that you are reading looks thicker than mine. ["compared to mine", a comparison] Bu gazeteye göre hiç yeni haberi daha çıkmamış. [gazete‑y‑e göre] According to this newspaper no more new news has happened yet. ‑e karşı against duvara karşı [duvar‑a karşı] against the wall rüzgara karşı [rüzgar‑a karşı] against the wind Garajın kapısına karşı bisikletimi bırakmışım. I believe I left my bicycle against the garage door. ‑e rağmen in spite of in positive sentences buna rağmen in spite of this bunlara rağmen in spite of these şuna rağmen in spite of that şunlara rağmen in spite of those ona rağmen in spite of that onlara rağmen in spite of those In English there are many types of ‑e rağmen although, though, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding, albeit etc. Turkish has only two words: ‑e rağmen or ‑e karşın. Her şeye rağmen başarabilirdik. [şey‑e rağmen] In spite of everything we were able to succeed. Havanın kararmasına rağmen, yollarına hâlâ yürüyerek devam ediyorlardı. [kararma‑sı‑n‑a rağmen] Despite the weather getting worse, they still carried on walking along the road. Bütün bu olumsuz koşullara rağmen yine de başarabiliriz. [koşul‑lar‑a rağmen] Despite all these negative circumstances, he was able to succeed again. Akşam saat 7’den sonra yemek yemenin sağlığa zararlı olduğunu bilmesine rağmen, her gece yatmadan önce atıştırmaktan kendini alamıyordu. [bilme‑si‑n‑e rağmen] ("kendini alamamak" "can’t help myself ") In spite of knowing that eating after 7 o'clock in the evening is dangerous to health, he could not help taking a snack before going to bed. ‑e rağmen despite in negative sentences. Ben hiçbir suçum olmamasına rağmen pişmanım, ya sen? [olma‑ma‑sı‑n‑a rağmen] Despite not being at fault, I am sorry, how about you? Kalan benzinimizin şehre varmaya yeteceği belli olmamasına rağmen, ısrarla yola devam ettiler. [ olma‑ma‑sı‑n‑a rağmen] Despite us not having petrol left to get to town, they insisted on continuing on the road. [olma‑ma‑sı‑n‑a] This is Negative Infinitive of "olmama(k)" "to not be", with the addition of ‑(s)ı making it a specific definite noun described by "Kalan benzinimiz" "which‑remains petrol‑our", which is further suffixed with ‑(n)‑a to make it part of "rağmen" clause. A Newspaper Article İSTANBUL, 5 Mart (Reuters) Fransız otomotiv üreticisi Peugeot'nun CEO'su Jean Philleppe Colin, krize rağmen Türkiye'ye ilişkin yatırım projelerinin devam ettiğini, kompakt sedan sınıfı araçların Türkiye'de üretimi için fizibilite çalışmaları yaptıklarını söyledi. ISTANBUL, 5 March (Reuters) The CEO of French car producer Peugeot Jean Philleppe Colin has said that in spite of the crisis, that the investment project concerning the compact sedan class vehicles' production in Turkey feasibility studies are on‑going. Peugeot krize rağmen (kriz‑e rağmen) Türkiye'ye yatırım projesini sürdürüyor. In spite of the Peugeot crisis the investment project is still carrying on for Turkey. Dependent Adverbs with "‑den/‑dan" These adverbs require that the preceding noun have the motion away ‑den/‑dan, ‑ten/‑tan from suffix: ‑dan dolayı because of. ‑dan başka except for, apart from, other than. ‑dan beri since. ‑dan önce before (in time). [Modern Turkish] ‑dan evvel before (in time). [Older Turkish, still in use] ‑dan sonra after(wards) Bundan dolayı because of this Mehmet'in yaptıklarından dolayı asla başaramayız! [Mehmet'‑in yaptık‑lar‑ı‑n‑dan] Because of what Mehmet did we will never be able succeed. Ondan başka except for that Piyanomdan başka her şeyi geri bırakacağım. [Piyano‑m‑dan başka] Except for my piano I will leave everything behind. Ondan beri since then saat üçten beri since 3 o'clock. [üç‑ten beri] Saat üçten beri sizi arıyordum. I have been looking for you since three o'clock Geçen haftadan beri hastayım. [hafta‑dan beri] I have been ill since last week./I have been ill for a week. (This means that I am still ill.) Şundan önce, Şundan evvel before that (in time) Mayıs ayından önce mühendis olarak çalışıyordum. [ay‑ı‑n‑dan önce] Before May I was working as an engineer. Ondan evvel lokantaya gidelim. [On‑dan evvel] Before that, let's go to the cafe. Ondan sonra after that Haziran ayından sonra emekli olacağım. [ay‑ı‑n‑dan sonra] After (the month of) July I shall retire (from work).   Ch. 6 : The Articles The Subject Definite Article "THE" There is no Turkish word for the subject definite article only the context tells us when to insert "THE" in English: Çay pahalı. Tea is expensive. ["tea" is in general. The Definite Article is not required.] Çay soğuk. The tea is cold. [The "tea" is particular. The Definite Article is required.] Araba caddede. The car is in the road. The Subject Definite Article "THE" does not exist in Turkish as a word or a suffix, but it does exist as a Direct Objective Suffix. When the noun is an object of a verb as in "Mehmet mended THE radio" then Turkish does use an Objective Suffix "THE" The Direct Object Suffix "the" Turkish Grammar: the Noun Object Condition (accusative). The direct object suffix which makes the object substantive is one of the most difficult hurdles for English Speakers to surmount when speaking, reading and understanding the Turkish Language. It has the form of a suffix: ‑i ‑ı ‑u ‑ü used with bare nouns which end in a consonant. ‑yi ‑yı ‑yu ‑yü used with bare nouns which end in a vowel. ‑ni ‑nı ‑nu ‑nü used with extended (already suffixed) nouns ending in a vowel. In English both the Subject and Object of a sentence are made substantive by the use of the same Definite Article THE. This "doubling" causes many learning problems for English Speakers. As an example: Adam kapıyı (kapı‑yı) kapattı THE (subject substantive) man closed THE (object substantive) door The subject is already understood as substantive in Turkish. Unlike English, the Definite Article "THE" does not exist in Turkish. There is no "THE man" as the subject definite article "THE" is already understood. However, there is an Object Definite Article "THE" in Turkish which appears as the suffix ‑i (governed by Vowel Harmony). To form an object ‑i is added to a bare noun stem: ev house (subj.) becomes evi the house (obj.) When added extended (already suffixed) nouns which terminate in a consonant: evim my house (subj.) becomes evimi my house (obj.) Buffer letter ‑y is used when added to a bare noun stem ending in a vowel. (Ch.4) oda room becomes odayı the room Buffer letter ‑n is used when added to an already extended (suffixed) nouns which end in a vowel (Ch.4) odası his room becomes odasını his room (obj.) The Direct Object is suffixed according to Vowel Harmony Rules. Simple noun ending in a consonant: Adam kilidi (kilid‑i) kapattı. THE man locked THE lock. The ‑i suffix makes the bare noun THE LOCK substantive as a Direct Object. Extended noun ending in a consonant: Adam kilidimi (kilid‑im‑i) kapattı. THE man locked MY lock. The ‑i suffix makes the extended noun MY LOCK substantive as a Direct Object. Simple noun ending in a vowel: Adam kapıyı (kapı‑yı) kapattı. THE man closed THE door. The ‑yı suffix makes the bare noun THE DOOR substantive as a Direct Object. Extended noun ending in a vowel: Adam kapısını (kapı‑sı‑nı) kapattı THE man closed HIS door. The ‑nı suffix makes the extended [already suffixed] noun HIS DOOR substantive as a Direct Object. To sum up Object Pointers: As objects of a verb nouns needs an object pointers (Objective Condition) in Turkish. This is the suffix –(y)i ‑(y)ı ‑(y)ü ‑(y)u using buffer letter ‑y‑ after vowels. If the object pointer follows another suffix then the buffer letter becomes ‑n‑ and thus the object pointer suffix is –ni ‑nı ‑nü ‑nu when attached to possessed objects. Some examples of Objective Condition. onun of him and onların of them has been used here to make the meaning clear. Direct Object pointer ‑i for Simple Noun. Evi boyuyorum [ev‑i] I am painting the house. Direct Object pointer ‑n‑i for Extended Noun. (onun) Evini boyuyorum [ev‑i‑n‑i] I am painting his house. [the house of him] Direct Object pointer ‑y‑i for Simple Noun. Arabayı boyuyorum [araba‑y‑ı] I am painting the car. Possessive Pronoun ‑s‑ı plus Direct object pointer ‑n‑ı for Extended Noun. (onun) Arabasını boyuyorum [araba‑s‑ı‑n‑ı] I am painting his car. [the car of him] Possessive pronoun ‑ları plus Object Pointer ‑nı for Extended Noun. (onların) Arabalarını boyuyoruz. [araba‑ları‑n‑ı] We are painting their car. [the car of them] Possessive Pronoun ‑sı plus Direct object pointer ‑nı for Extended Noun. (onun) Arabasını boyuyor musunuz? [araba‑s‑ı‑n‑ı] Are you painting his car? Possessive Pronoun ‑ınız plus Direct object pointer ‑ı for Extended Noun. Mehmet, arabanızı boyamıyor mu? [araba‑nız‑ı] Isn't Mehmet painting your car? Possessive Pronoun ‑si plus Direct object pointer ‑ni for Extended Noun. (onun) Kedisini aramıyor muyum? [kedi‑s‑i‑n‑i] Aren't I looking for his cat? Direct Object Pointer ‑i for Personal Pronoun. Beni istiyor musun? [ben‑i] Do you want me? Seni istemiyor muyum? [sen‑i] Don't I want you? The Indefinite Article The Singular Indefinite Article is: bir a, an, one   bir kapı a gate bir elma an apple bir bardak one glass Caddede bir araba var. There is a car in the road. The Positive Plural Indefinite Article: birkaç some In English the Article some is only used in Positive Statements whereas any is used in Negative Statements and also both in Positive and Negative Questions. Positive Statements use some in English: Bahçede birkaç kapı var. There are some gates in the garden. Bahçede birkaç kedi var. There are some cats in the garden. Caddede birkaç araba var There are some cars in the road. The Negative Singular Indefinite Article is "hiçbir" not one Negative Statements use any (usually with the plural) in English. Bahçede hiçbir kapı yok. There is not a gate in the garden at all./There aren't any gates in the garden. Bahçede hiçbir kedi yok. There is not a (single) cat in the garden./There aren't any cats in the garden. Caddede hiçbir araba yok. There is not a car in the road (at all)./There aren't any cars in the road. "hiçbir" at all? in Questions Bahçede hiçbir kapı yok mu? Isn't there a (single) gate in the garden? Bahçede bir kedi var mı? Is there there a cat in the garden? Caddede hiçbir araba yok mu? Isn't there a car in the road at all? Caddede bir araba var mı? Is there a car in the road? "hiç" any, none at all Negative Statements use any in English: Bahçede hiç kapı yok. There are not any gates in the garden. Bahçede hiç kedi yok. There are not any cats in the garden. Caddede hiç araba yok. There are not any cars in the road. "hiç"> not any? Bahçede hiç kapı yok mu? Aren't there any gates in the garden? Bahçede birkaç kedi var mı? Are there any cats in the garden? Caddede hiç araba yok mu? Aren't there any cars in the road? Caddede birkaç araba var mı? Are there any cars in the road? birkaç some and hiç not any always take a singular noun in Turkish but the meaning is plural in both Turkish and English: birkaç kadın some ladies hiç ev not any houses From the previous section we can see that hiçbir not a single one is used for the singular both in Turkish and English: Caddede hiçbir araba yok. There is not a car in the road? "Hiç" ever, never. In normal verbal positive questions hiç translates as ever. Hiç Alanya'ya gittiniz mi? Have you ever been to Alanya? In normal verbal negative questions hiç translates as never. Hiç Alanya'ya gitmediniz mi? Have you never been to Alanya? Other Indefinite Articles are: bazı some Caddedeki bazı arabalar artık yok. There were some cars in the road. (now there are none). bazı some always takes the plural. bazı kadınlar some ladies bazı evler some houses birçok a lot of or many. Caddede birçok araba var. There are a lot of cars on the road. Caddede birçok araba var. There are many cars on the road. biraz a little, a small amount Biraz şeker, lütfen A little sugar, please. About Gender Turkish has no gender. There is only one form of the noun, no masculine as author, hero and feminine as authoress, heroine. English has two forms of these nouns. When gender distinction is necessary Turkish uses locutions: kız girl or kadın lady can be placed in front of the noun to show human femininity: terzi tailor kadın terzi tailoress. arkadaş friend kız arkadaş girl friend. dişi female is used before nouns to show a female animal: köpek dog dişi köpek bitch. erkek male/man is used to show maleness: kardeş sister/brother erkek kardeş brother. kız girl/maiden can be used to show human femininity: kardeş sister/brother kız kardeş sister. This method is used whenever it is necessary to differentiate between the sexes of brothers and sisters. The Exceptions of Family Relationships Altough there is generally no gender distinction in Turkish this does not apply to close family relationships.   Relationships on the mother's side will have a different word than those of the father's side. amca uncle [father's brother] dayı uncle [mother's brother] teyze aunt [mother's sister] hala aunt [father's sister] A word list of Turkish Family Relations father ‑ baba mother ‑ anne baby ‑ bebek brother ‑ erkek kardeş sister ‑ kız kardeş elder brother ‑ abi (ağabey) elder brother's wife ‑ yenge elder sister ‑ abla elder sister's husband ‑ enişte son ‑ oğul, erkek çocuk daughter ‑ kız, kız çocuk aunt (mother's side) ‑ teyze aunt (father's side) ‑ hala grandfather ‑ dede, büyükbaba grandmother ‑ nine, büyükanne grandmother (mother's side) ‑ anneanne grandmother (father's side) ‑ babaanne nephew, niece ‑ yeğen uncle (father's side) ‑ amca uncle (mother's side) ‑ dayı cousin ‑ kuzen father-in-law ‑ kayınbaba, kayınpeder mother-in-law ‑ kaynana, kayınvalide sister-in-law (of a male) ‑ baldız sister-in-law (of a female) ‑ görümce brother-in-law ‑ kayınbirader brother-in-law's wife of a female ‑ elti sister-in-law's husband of a male ‑ bacanak son-in-law ; bridegroom ‑ damat daughter-in-law ; bride ‑ gelin sister's husband ‑ enişte grandson ; granddaughter, grandchild ‑ torun twin ‑ ikiz twin brother, twin sister ‑ ikiz kardeş wife ‑ eş, hanım, karı husband ‑ koca step mother ‑ üvey anne step father ‑ üvey baba Turkish Conjunctions The Particle de or da and, also, too This is not a Static Position Suffix but written separately and it is translated too, also, and, both. It is a word in its own right but it does follow Vowel Harmony rules, hence the choice of de or da. The translations of the Static Position suffix ‑de/‑da and of the particle de have two very different meanings. It is always written separately as de or da and pronounced as de or da. It does not show any Consonant Mutation to "te" or "ta". The following examples show this clearly: Dolapta bir çanta var. There is a bag in the cupboard. Bu dolap da küçükmüş. This cupboard is small too. Conversational Stress The Static Position suffix ‑de is stressed, but the separate particle de the stress occurs on the preceding syllable. Dolapta bir çanta var. There is a bag in the cupboard. Bu dolap da küçükmüş. This cupboard also seems (to be) small. Ali bey de odada Ali bey is also in the room Benim de param yok I also have no money Benim param var. I have money Benim de param var I have got money too. Bahçedeki çocuklar da top ile oynuyorlar. The children in the garden are playing with a ball too. Ali bey de ben de sigara içeriz. Both Mr. Ali and I smoke (cigarettes). The particle de also is repeated after each individual subject. "Hem… Hem…" both, both of Hem bunu hem şunu al.. Take both this one and that one. Hem bu hem şu tamam. Both this and that are OK. "Ya… ya…" either… or… Ya benimle gel ya onlu git. Either you come with me or you go with him. Ya girin ya çıkın. Either go in or come out. "Ne… ne…" neither… nor… Ne bunu ne şunu istiyorum. I want neither this or that. Mehmet, ne beni ne seni seviyor. Mehmet loves likes you nor me. Some Other Conjunctions ancak scarcely, hardly ayrıca moreover bari at least bu sebeple consequently bununla beraber nevertheless çünkü because fakat, ama but halbuki whereas ise as for mademki seeing that mesela for example neyse whatever olmazsa at least örnek for example öyleyse if so sanki as if ve and veya or yalnız only yani that is to say yoksa otherwise zaten besides Translation of "ile" and, also When it stands between two nouns the suffix ile can be used to translate and when the basic meaning is with, also. Even when it is suffixed as ‑le/‑la or ‑yle ‑yla [when added to vowel] it is still translated as and meaning "also". If ile is in between two people or things as in Ali ile arkadaşı; Mustafa ile Selim then these sentences are translated into English by the conjunction "and", Ali and his friends; Mustafa and Selim. Masada fincanla tabaklar var. There are cups and plates on the table. Ali ile arkadaşı, odaya girdi. Ali and his friend entered the room. Mustafa ile Selim partiye gitti. Mustapha and Selim went to the party. However if the suffix ‑le/‑la does not come between the nouns then it is translated as with, together with. Benimle Mehmet geldi Mehmet came with me. [Lit: With me Mehmet came.] Ali arkadaşıyla, odaya girdi Ali entered the room with his friend. Mustafa, Selim 'le partiye gitti Mustapha went to the party with Selim. Toplantıya sekreterimle katıldım. I attended the meeting with my secretary. Patron ile adamları aniden silahlarını çektiler. The boss and his men suddenly pulled their guns. In this type of sentence ve and, also could be used in place of ile Ali ve arkadaşı odaya girdi. [and] Mustafa ve Selim partiye gitti. [and] Masada fincan ve tabak var. [and] For the other sentences we can not use "ve" in place of "ile". Benimle Mehmet geldi. [with] ("ve" cannot be used) Ali, arkadaşıyla odaya girdi. [with] ("ve" cannot be used.)   Ch. 7 : Nouns Formation of Nouns Formation of Nouns from Adjectives the suffix "‑lik" This suffix is vowel harmonized forms are ‑lik ‑lık ‑luk ‑lük. The suffix ‑lik four main uses in Turkish. 1. Formation of Abstract Nouns from Adjectives. güzel beautiful güzellik beauty mutlu happy mutluluk happiness iyi good iyilik goodness çocuk child çocukluk childhood zor difficult zorluk difficulty, complication Some English abstract nouns end in ‑ness, ‑tion, ‑ity. These abstract nouns can be further suffixed in Turkish according to their function in meaning: Hepimiz, çocukluğumuzu mutluluk içinde geçirdik. ["çocuk‑luğ‑umuz‑u" "our chldhood" (obj.), "mutlu‑luk" "happiness"] All of us passed our childhood in happiness. O zamanlarda mutluluğum sonsuzdu. [O zaman‑lar‑da mutlu‑luğ‑um "my happiness" son‑suz‑du.] At that time my happiness was endless 2. Formation of Collective Nouns genç young gençlik youth yaşlı old yaşlılık age insan person insanlık human‑kind Bakan Minister Bakanlık Ministry balık fish balıkçı fisherman can be extended to balıkçılık Fishing Club, Group, Association. The example [balık‑çı‑lık] shows that noun suffixes can be chained to produce further extended meanings. 3. Forming Nouns of Usage. Adding ‑lik to concrete nouns or verb stems forms nouns and adjectives meaning "suitable for, intended for, place of" tuz salt tuzluk salt cellar biber pepper biberlik pepper shaker göz eye gözlük spectacles kira hire kiralık for hire yağmur rain yağmurluk raincoat, mackintosh 4. Forming Nouns of Location Bakan Minister Bakanlık Ministry çamaşır linen, laundry items çamaşırlık a laundry orman forest ormanlık forest place,forestry O tepenin arkasında büyük bir ormanlık bulunur. There is a large forestry (to be found) behind that hill. The word ormanlık is used as a general Substantive Noun of Location. We may go on to talk about this particular orman itself: O ormanda çok yabani hayvan varmış. There are (probably) many wild animals in that forest. Many place names (see a Turkish map) often end in the suffix ‑lik. Ayvalık Place of the Quince ["ayva" quince] Değirmenlik Place of the Mill ["değirmen" mill] It is difficult to translate this suffix directly into English. We can only say Quinceville, Milltown or similar. Arising from the above, the suffix ‑lik also form nouns of "Place of" elmalık apple orchard from elma apple sebzelik vegetable garden, stall from sebze vegetable çiçeklik flower garden, stall from çiçek flower kitaplık book case, book store from kitap book The Suffix "‑lik" with Numbers. A number is normally used as an adjective thus the number 10 (as an adjective) On yumurta Ten eggs. Turkish changes numbers and numeric expressions into nouns by the addition of the ‑lik suffix. Thus the number 10 on becomes onluk [on‑luk] the amount of 10. This similar to "Lend me a 'tenner'" in English where the number 10 has become a noun "of the amount ten". In English when saying "I want a ten egg box." we understand that our requirement is "A box that will contain the amount of ten eggs" On yumurta bir kutu. Lit: "Ten eggs, one box."] This example has no meaning in Turkish it is just two items "ten eggs" and "one box". Turkish is more precise. The suffix ‑lik is added to produce a complex counted noun on yumurtalık ten eggs‑amount.. I want a ten egg box becomes: On yumurtalık bir kutu istiyorum. [Lit: "I want a ten egg‑amount box"] To say I want a box of ten eggs. the Turkish uses the ‑li furnished with, containing suffix: On yumurtalı bir kutu istiyorum. I want a box containing ten eggs. İki kişilik çadır var mı? [Lit: "Is there a tent of two person‑amount?"] English says: Is there a double tent? Evet var. Kaç günlük ? [Lit: "Yes, there is. How many day‑amount?"] English says: Yes there is. For how many days? Formation of Negative Abstract Nouns. The suffix ‑sizlik without The ‑lik suffix is added to the ‑siz without, lacking in suffix to form Negative abstract nouns in ‑sizlik. Further suffixes can be added to show the noun condition: sabır patience becomes sabırsızlığı impatience (obj.) Bazı kişilerin sabırsızlığını anlayabiliriz. [sabırsız-lığ-ın-ı "impatence" (obj.)] We can understand some people's impatience. istek wish, desire becomes isteksizliğim my reluctance, my unwillingness. Onu yapmama isteksizliğimi itiraf etmek zorundaydım. [istek‑siz‑liğ‑im‑i "my reluctance"] I had to confess my reluctance to do it. mutsuz unhappy becomes mutsuzluüum. my unhappiness Mutsuzluğum sonsuza kadar sürer. [mutsuz‑luğ‑um "my unhappiness"] My unhappiness has no end. dikkat care becomes dikkatsizliğınız your carelessness Demin dikkatsizliğini fark ettim. [dikkat‑siz‑liğ‑i‑ni "your carelessness"] I just noticed your carelessness. dikkat is from an Arabic Feminine Plural "-at" and as such it does not follow Turkish Vowel harmony Rules as the final letter ‑a‑ is pronounced very long dikkAAt. Consequently any added suffixes take the Dotted form. Compound Nouns A noun may take another one or more nouns as describing nouns in order to make its basic meaning clear. These noun groups are called Compound Nouns. The describing nouns are called Completing Nouns and the Noun itself is called a Completed Noun. Definite Noun Completion The first noun possesses the noun it modifies. The second noun is then suffixed as definitive. Both components retain their grammatical function as nouns in their own right. Bisikletimin garajı. [Bisiklet‑im‑in garaj‑ı] My bicycle's garage. [Lit: "the garage of my bicycle"] kapının zili [kapı‑nın zil‑i] the door‑bell [Lit: the bell of the door] Mehmet'in arabası [Mehmet'‑in araba‑sı] Mehmet's car [Lit: the car of Mehmet] pencerenin perdesi [pencere‑nin perde‑si] the window‑curtain [Lit: the curtain of the window] All the above are Definite Compound nouns as they are both particular and both definite. The last example pencerenin perdesi the window's curtain [the‑curtain of‑the‑window] is a Definite Noun Compound. It is a particular definite curtain belonging to a particular definite window. However it can also be an Indefinite Noun Compound "any window curtain, window curtaining": pencere perdesi window curtain(ing). This is the difference between Definite and Indefinite Compound Nouns (see below). Definite Noun Compound: Pencerenin perdelerini yıkamalıyım. [Pencere‑nin perde‑ler‑i‑ni yıkamalıyım] I must wash the window curtains. ["perdeleri‑ni" the curtains (obj.)] The Describing (Completing) Noun shows who or what is owned by the Described (Completed) Noun. The Describing Noun is suffixed with ownership ‑in ‑ın ‑ün ‑un The Described Noun is suffixed with the third person singular ‑(s)i ‑(s)ı ‑(s)ü ‑(s)u Konağın bahçesi. The garden of the mansion. The mansion's garden. Shows that "the garden belongs to the mansion". Describing Noun Suffix ‑ın. Described noun Suffix ‑si uses buffer Letter ‑s to keep vowels apart. Çantanın fermuarı. The zip of the bag, The bag's zip. Showing "the zip belongs to (is part of) the bag". Describing Noun Ownership Suffix ‑nın uses buffer Letter ‑n‑ to keep vowels apart. Described Noun Suffix ‑ı Bankanın kapıs.ı The door of the bank,. The bank's door. Showing "the door is part of and belongs to the bank". Describing Noun Ownership Suffix, ‑nın uses buffer Letter ‑n‑ to keep vowels apart. Described Noun Suffix, ‑sı uses buffer letter ‑s to keep vowels apart. Kavanozun kapağı. The lid of the jar, The jar's lid. Showing "the lid belongs to the jar". Describing Noun Ownership Suffix ‑un. Described Noun Suffix ‑ı. The terminal ‑k of kapak mutates to ğ (Ch.3) on addition of a vowel suffix. Bisikletimizi bıraktığımız yeri hatırlayamayacağız. [Bisiklet‑imiz‑in bırak‑tığ‑ımız yer‑i‑ni hatırla‑ya‑ma‑y‑acağız] We will not be able to remember the place where we leave/have left our bicycle(s). In these sentences yeri (obj.) is the "place that we can not remember where we left the bicycles", and bisikletimizi is the "our bicycles" (obj.) are both in the Object Condition. Bisikletimin yerini hatırlayamıyorum. I can't remember my bicycle's place In this sentence Bisikletimin yeri is a Definite Noun Combination (both nouns are substantive) The "bicycle" is in the Ownership Condition and "place" is made substantive with the Object condition. Summary of Definite Noun Completion Suffixes The Describing Noun Ownerahip suffixes are always ‑(n)in ‑(n)ın ‑(n)ün ‑(n)un. Describing Nouns which end in a vowel always use buffer letter ‑n‑ where required. The Described Noun suffixes are always ‑(s)i ‑(s)ı ‑(s)ü ‑(s)u. Described Nouns which end in a vowel always use buffer letter ‑s‑ where required. A Special case su (water) The single exception su water which takes buffer letter ‑y‑ as both a Describing or Described Noun The only noun in Turkish which does not conform to Buffer Letter rules is su water. Whether as a Describing (Completing) Noun or as a Described (Completed) Noun it takes the Buffer letter ‑y‑ instead of the normal ‑s‑ .This avoids the ugly "susu". Suyun sesi. The sound of the water. The water's sound. The Describing Noun Suffix is Su‑y‑un to make this noun the "owner" [buffer letter ‑y‑] The Described Noun Suffix is ses‑i to make this noun substantive. Indefinite Compound Noun Completion The first noun acts as an adjective to describe the second noun which is suffixed as a definitive noun. Indefinite Noun Compound: Pencere perdesi ambarda kaldı mı? Is there any window curtain left in the store‑room? Only the Completed Noun takes the suffix of the third person singular ‑(s)i ‑(s)ı ‑(s)ü ‑(s)u Yaz mevsimi ["mevsim‑i" Completed Noun Suffix] summer season Kış tatili ["tatil‑i" Completed Noun Suffix] winter holiday Armut ağacı ["ağac‑i" Completed Noun Suffix] pear tree Yolcu gemisi ["gemi‑si" Completed Noun Suffix] ferryboat [Lit: traveller boat] When two nouns are joined as in lamp‑post, the second noun takes the third person possessive suffix, e.g. ışık direği [ışık direğ‑i] lamp‑post (Lit: Lamp its‑post.] Similarly gece kulübü [gece kulüb‑ü] night‑club [Lit: night its‑club.] This is the way that Turkish shows a connection between the two words to make a complex noun the first noun "lamp" becomes an adjective to describe the   second "post" which is made into a definitive noun by the addition of the third person suffix. Further suffixes can be added to this complex noun as required: ışık direği [direğ‑i] lamp‑post [Lit: lamp its‑post] onun ışık direği [direğ‑i] his lamp‑post Mehmet'in ışık direği [direğ‑i] Mehmet's lamp‑post onun ışık direğinden [direğ‑i‑nden] from his lamp‑post Mehmet'in ışık direğinden [direğ‑i‑nden] from Mehmet's lamp‑post ışık direğinden [direğ‑i‑nden] from the lamp‑post This shows the conflict between Indefinite Noun Completion Suffix ‑i and 3rd. Person Possessed Suffix ‑i. To distinguish between them onun his, her is used: onun ışık direği his lamp‑post bisiklet yeri [bisiklet yer‑i] the bicycle place kapı tokmağı [kapı tokmağ‑ı] from the door knob yaz okulu [yaz okul‑u] the summer school yolcu gemisinde [yolcu gemi‑si‑nde] on the ferry boat Ali'nin elma ağacını [elma ağac‑ı‑nı] Ali's apple tree ayakkabı boyası [ayakkabı boya‑sı] the shoe polish bilgisayar ekranı [bilgisayar (Lit: "knowledge‑counter") ekran‑ı] the computer screen kızımın öğrenci karnesini [öğrenci karne‑si‑ni] my daughter's student (school) report The definitive of su (water) is suyu [not susu] is the ONLY exception in the Turkish language. su borusu [su boru‑su] water pipe elma suyu [elma su‑yu] apple juice deniz suyu [deniz su‑yu] sea water Descriptive (Uncompleted) Compound Nouns

1. Neither noun is made definitive thus producing a Descriptive Combined Noun.
2. The first noun acts as an adjective describing the main noun which follows.
3. In this compound neither Completing or Completed Noun take a suffix.
4. It describes the material from which the second noun is made or its general use.

el çanta handbag (hand + bag) elma ağaç apple tree (apple + tree) tahta kapı wooden door alüminyum pencere aluminium window demir köprü iron bridge plastik sandalye plastic chair pamuk mendil cotton handkerchief tahta masa wooden table demir köprü iron bridge su bardak water glass (tumbler) benzin depo petrol dump Some of these compound nouns have formed words through historical usage: ortaokul middle school (middle + school) başbakan prime minister (head + minister) ayakkabı shoe (foot + cover) Vowel Harmony does not operate as each word is individual. Compound Noun Chains Nouns can be chained together using the Ownership (genitive) suffix as in English: Arkadaşımın annesinin köpek kulübesi. [Arkadaş‑ım‑ın anne‑si‑nin köpek kulübe‑si.] My friend's mother's dog kennel. OR The dog kennel of friend's mother. Kavak ağacının dalları. [Kavak ağac‑ı‑nın dal‑lar‑ı] The poplar tree's branches. Ali beyin çaydanlığın kapağı. [Ali bey‑in çaydanlığ‑ın kapağ‑ı] Ali Bey's teapot's lid. Kitabının sayfaların resimleri. [Kitab‑ın sayfa‑lar‑ın‑ın resim‑ler‑i] The pictures of the book's pages. Belediye parkının kapısı. [Beledıye park‑ı‑nın kapı‑sı] The gate of the corporation park. Manisa Trafik Polis karakolu [Manisa Trafik Polis karakol‑u] Manisa Traffic Police headquarters. Plural Compound Nouns: Armut bahçeleri [bahçe‑ler‑i] Plum orchards. Müdürler Toplantısı [Toplantı‑sı] Managers Meeting. Öğrencinin defterleri [defter‑ler‑i] Student's notebooks. Evlerin kapılarının zilleri. [Ev‑ler‑in kapı‑lar‑ın‑ın zil‑ler‑i] house door bells [Lit: The bells of the doors of the houses] Compound Nouns with Suffixes of Condition: Kiraz bahçeleri güzelce çiçekleniyor. [bahçeler‑i (subj.)] The cherry orchards are flowering nicely. Çiftçi elma bahçelerini suladı. [bahçeler‑i‑ni (obj.)] The farmer watered the apple orchards. Çiftçi portakal bahçesine gitti. [bahçe‑si‑ne "Movement Towards Condition".] The farmer went to his orange orchard. Çocuk sebze bostanında oynuyorlar. [bostan‑ı‑nda "Static Position Condition."] The children are playing in the vegetable garden. Mehmet belediye parkından çıktı. [park‑ı‑ndan "Movement Away Condition."] Mehmet came out from the municipal park. Compound Nouns with Proper Names Şair Eşref Bulvarı [Indefinite Compound Proper Noun] Şair Eşref Avenue Şair Eşref Describing Noun ("The Poet Eşref") Bulvarı[Bulvar‑ı] Described Noun Apocopating Nouns Apocopate (verb.) to cut off or drop word, syllable, letter. A comprehensive list of Turkish apocopating nouns can be found in The Glossary Ch. 51. Some Turkish nouns which lose their final vowel (apocopate) when a suffix which itself begins with a vowel is added to the noun. Adding a suffix beginning with a vowel DOES affect the Noun. izin leave, time off becomes izn‑im my leave. [NOT izin‑im] The final vowel of the noun root is dropped when adding a suffix which begins in a vowel. iznim my leave becomes iznimden [izn‑im‑den] since my time off The final vowel in the noun root is lost when adding ‑im my suffix (which begins with a vowel) Adding a suffix beginning with a consonant DOES NOT affect the Noun. izindeyim [izin‑de‑yim] I am on leave. The vowel of izin is NOT LOST as the first suffix ‑de begins with a consonant. Possessive Adjective Examples fikir idea becomes fikrimiz our idea keyif joy becomes keyfi his/her joy oğul son becomes oğlun your son boyun neck becomes boynum my neck ağız mouth becomes ağzınız your mouth vakit (arb.) time, occasion becomes vaktim my time without any consonant mutation. kayıp loss becomes kaybı his loss "kayıp" changes its terminal ‑p to ‑b. before a vowel. nakit transport becomes onun nakdi his transport The final consonant ‑t has Mutated to its soft form ‑d. The rules of Consonant Mutation are still observed in the apocopated form of the noun. There are some nouns which do not soften their root vowel as they may be considered:

1. Single Syllable Words
2. Foreign Word Imports.

Case Suffix Addition Examples Mehmet filmi seyretmiş [film‑i] It seems Mehmet watched the film. Here the Direct Object suffix ‑i affects the noun filim Ali'nin alnı terliyor [Ali'nin aln‑ı] Ali's forehead is sweating. Here the word alın forehead is in the Possessive Relationship which affects the noun alın shortening it to aln‑ı The noun root retains its basic form when adding a suffix which begins with a consonant ağızda [ağız‑da] in the mouth beyinden [beyin‑den] from the brain kayıptan [kayıp‑tan] from the loss The noon root is shortened if the first added suffix begins with a vowel: ağzında [ağz‑ı‑nda] in his mouth beynimden [beyn‑im‑den] from my brain kaybımızdan [kayb‑ımız‑dan] from our loss     Ch. 8 : Adjectives Adjectives Basic Rules Words which describe the condition, colour size, number, position and place of nouns are called adjectives. 1. Adjectives are invariable. They do not have to agree with the noun they describe in either number or gender as in French or Spanish.

1. Adjectives have no singular or plural form. Never add a ‑lar⁄‑ler plural suffix to an adjective.
2. Adjectives have no gender.

There is no masculine, feminine or neuter form.

1. Adjectives and adjectival phrases precede the noun as they do in English.
2. Adjectives can be formed from both nouns or verbs as in English.
3. Adjectives cannot have any other suffixes added to them.

Position of Adjectives Adjectives are words that describe nouns "A blue house." "A hot oven." The adjective always precedes its noun as in English. mavi ev the blue house mavi evler (the) blue houses zengin adam the rich man yorgun çocuklar tired children When adjectives follow a noun the meaning is entirely different. It becomes a "Statement of Fact". Generally a comma is added after the subject noun: ev, mavi the house is blue evler, mavi the houses are blue adam, zengin the man is rich Uzun geniş yol. The long wide road. is different to: Uzun yol, geniş(tir.) The long road is wide Geniş yol, uzun(dur.) The wide road is long. is different to: Yol, uzun geniş(tir.) The road is long and wide. Normally‑dir is not required or used in normal conversation. Uzun yol, geniş(tir). [Statement of fact with -tir] Uzun yol, geniş. [Conversational] The long road is wide. Uzun yol, geniş mi(dir)? [Statement of fact with -dir] Uzun yol, geniş mi? [Conversational] Is the long road wide? Bu ev, mavi(dir). [Statement of fact with -dir] Bu ev, mavi.[ Conversational] This house is blue. Adjectives Emphasized and Public Forms The emphasis is stressed by the use of the verb to be suffix ‑dir (Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation are observed), which makes it a "Statement of Fact" Yol geniştir. The road is wide. The verb to be ‑dir is used to on a public statement or notice. Giriş Yaşaktır. Entry Forbidden. Adjectives: Position of the Article bir a, an, one can interpose between the adjective and its noun. This has the effect of putting the emphasis on the adjective and/or causes the noun it describes to become definite. bir güzel kız güldü a beautiful girl laughed. In this example some girl or other laughed an indefinite girl, therefore the adjective follows bir. Güzel bir kız gördüm. I saw a beautiful girl. A specific girl was seen and moreover she was definitely beautiful güzel followed by bir emphasizes all these points When the indefinite article is used with its noun, then Turkish will not separate them as we do in English : Büyük beyaz bir ev(dir). (Article is next to its noun in Turkish) It is a big white house. (Article is separated from its noun in English) yaşlı bir adam an old man boş bir kutu an empty box Adjectives used as Nouns Turkish adjectives can also be used as nouns: hasta ill, sick bir hasta a patient Hastalar hastanede. The patients are in hospital. zengin rich bir zengin a rich person Otelde kalan bir zengin var. There is a rich [person] who is staying at the hotel. Intensified and Reducing Adjectives Adjective forms which deepen, strengthen and intensify their basic meaning. Repetition Intensification Beyaz beyaz arabalar. cars so white. Sıcak sıcak çörekler. Really fresh buns. Uzun uzun yollar. Really long roads. Taze taze yumurtala. Really fresh eggs Question particle between repeated adjectives intensifies the meaning. This is similar to saying in American English "Is he rich or is he rich?" Beyaz mı beyaz arabalar? Are the cars white or what? Sıcak mı sıcak çörekler. So fresh buns. Uzun mu uzun yollar. The roads are so long, Such long roads! . Taze mi taze yumurtalar Really fresh eggs. Prefixed Intensification of Adjectives To intensify an adjective by a prefix addition:

1. Find the first vowel of the plain adjective.
2. Add one of the letters (p,r,s,m) to form a syllable.
3. Prefix the new syllable to the plain adjective for its Intensified Form.

Beyaz etek. becomes Bembeyaz etek. [Be + m + beyaz] Bright white skirt.. Kırmızı elma. becomes Kıpkırmızı elma. [Kı + p + kırmızı] Bright red apple. Temiz bir ev. becomes Tertemiz bir ev. [Te + r + temiz] A squeaky clean house. Doğru yol. becomes Dosdoğru yol. [Do + s + doğru ] Dead straight road. There are some exceptions paramparça, çırılçıplak etc. In these cases more than one letter is used (p,r,s,m) as ( ‑ram‑ or ‑ril‑) in the examples above. There is no rule for which letter to choose from among (p,r,s,m). It a feeling for the one which sounds correct, so local variations can occur in utterances. A comprehensive list of Intensified Turkish Adjectives and Adverbs is to be found in the Glossary at Ch. 56. Reducing Adjectives: Adjective forms which weaken their basic meaning. Reducing adjectives are formed by adding the suffixes ‑ce, ‑cik to qualifying adjectives or ‑(i)msi, ‑(i)mtırak to colours. Güzel araba güzelce araba a niceish car Yeşil elma yeşilimsi elma a greenish apple Mavi çanta mavimsi çanta a bluish bag Kısa pantolon kısacık pantolon little short pants Küçük masa küçücük masa a smallish table Mavi çanta mavimtırak çanta a bluish bag Sarı elma sarımtırak elma a yellowish apple Recognizing Adjectives Both in English and Turkish words can be recognized as adjectives by their endings. For instance the ending ‑ful in the word beautiful "They built a beautiful house in the hill." The ‑ful adjective adds the concept of beauty to the house. There are other adjectival endings in English where English speakers recognize instantly the attribute being added by its ending. The following example also uses the "Ability Attribute" ‑able "They have built a beautiful, desirable house on the hill." Some other adjectival endings in English may be: ‑ly as in the lovely view. ‑ing as in the shaking branch. ‑ive as in the positive result. ‑en as in the broken arrow. and some other forms; each ending giving us a differing degree or meaning in concept. This is the way that Turkish follows and if one learns the Adjectival Endings it is easier to recognize the concept of meaning as we automatically do in our own tongue. They are also words in their own right and they should not be considered as adjectives with an added suffix. As with English the adjectival ending on the word often points to the type of attribute that the adjective supplies to its noun. For instance in English there is a different type of attribute supplied by the adjectives lovely, loving, loveable, lovelorn, loved although the root word carries the same meaning. The Adjectival Suffix ‑ik ‑ık ‑uk ‑ük This suffix usually forms adjectives where the described noun is in a state from which it cannot return that is it has assumed a permanent state. From yanmak to burn the adjective yanık is formed meaning burnt (as a permanent state) bir düşük yaprak a fallen leaf [from düşmek to fall] bazı kırık tabaklar some broken plates [kırmak to break] kesik parçalar cut (up) parts [kesmek to cut] By recognizing the ‑ik suffix we can see a permanent adjectival state has been attained. Care should be taken not to mistake nouns which end in ‑ik such as balık fish or sözlük dictionary as being adjectives. The different Forms of Adjectives Using the Present Participle düşen which falls/which is falling as an adjective then the meaning changes: bir düşen yaprak a falling leaf düşen yapraklar falling leaves Similarly using the past participle: düşmüş olan which has fallen Düşmüş olan yapraklar nemlidir. The leaves which have fallen are damp The fallen leaves are damp. Adjectives and their Opposites Common Adjectives bad kötü beautiful güzel better daha iyi big büyük cheap ucuz cold soğuk difficult zor early erken easy kolay empty boş expensive pahalı far uzak free serbest full dolu good iyi heavy ağır here burada hot sıcak last son late geç light hafif near yakın new yeni next gelecek occupied meşgul old eski old ihtiyar open açık quick çabuk right doğru shut kapalı slow yavaş small küçük there orada ugly çirkin worse daha kötü wrong yanlış young genç The Comparison of Adjectives The Degree of Equality The degree of equality is obtained by the use of kadar as [Lit: "its amount"] Londra İstanbul kadar güzel. London is as beautiful as Istanbul. Mehmet Ali kadar zengin. Mehmet is as rich as Ali. Kar kadar beyaz. As white as snow. The Negative Equality The negative comparison is marked by the use of değil is not placed after the comparison. Londra İstanbul kadar güzel değil. London is not as beautiful as Istanbul. Ayşe Deren kadar boylu değil. Ayşe is not as tall as Deren. The Degree of Comparison: This comparison is made by using daha more and suffixing the object being compared with ‑dan or ‑den from thus giving the sense "than" in the comparison. Mehmet Ali'den daha zengin. Mehmet is richer than Ali. İstanbul Londra'dan daha güzel. Istanbul is more beautiful than London. Demir sudan daha ağır. Iron is heavier than water. The Negative of Comparison The Negative First Degree Comparison uses az less. Londra İstanbul'dan az meşgul. London is less busy than İstanbul. Bulmacalar Türkçe derslerden az ilginç. Crosswords are less interesting than Turkish lessons. The Positive Superlative The Third Degree of Comparison is obtained by using en the most. Mehmet en zengin adam. Mehmet is the richest man. Dünyanın en güzel şehri, İstanbul. Istanbul is the world's most beautiful city. The Negative Superlative The Negative uses en az the least [Lit: the most less] Dünyanın en az zengin memleketleri Afrika'da. The least richest countries of the world are in Africa. Usage of en az for negative superlatives is not common. The preferred way is to use the superlative form of opposite adjective. Dünyanİn en fakir memleketleri Afrika'da. The world's poorest countries are in Africa. The more common usage of en az is at least. Ahmet en az Mehmet kadar zekidir. Ahmet is at least as intelligent as Mehmet. Sen de en az benim kadar yeteneklisin. You are at least as talented as me. kadar iyi as good as Bu, o kadar iyi This, is as good as that. Bu onun kadar iyi This is as good as that. ‑dan daha iyi better than Bu, ondan daha iyi This, is better than that. en iyisi the best Bu, en iyisi(dir) This, is the best of all. [Lit: iyisi = the best, dir is a "Statement of Fact" intensifier.] Further Shades of Degree Positive çok too, very, many Çok para istiyor. He wants a lot of money. Çok mutluyum . I'm very happy. Çok odalı bir otel. A hotel containing many rooms. en çok the most En çok para budur This is the most money. Ali'nin en çok parası var. Ali has got the most money. Tepede en çok ev var. Most of the houses are on the hill. daha more İki çay daha, lütfen. Two more teas, please. Daha beş bira, lütfen. Five beers more, please. fazla too much, excessive Fazla yemek geldi. Too much food has arrived. Fazla para istediler. They wanted too much money. daha fazla much more Daha fazla yemek geldi Much more food has arrived. Daha fazla para istediler. They wanted much more money. Further Shades of Degree Negative az, biraz a little Az sonra çarşıya gidiyorum. I'm going to the shops a little later on. Biraz tuz istiyorum. I want a little salt. daha az lesser [Lit: more less] Yemeğe daha az tuz koyunuz put less salt on the food. Buralarda, daha az polis var. there are less policemen around here. pek az very little [Lit: a bit less(er)] Pek az sigara kullanıyorum. I smoke (cigarettes) just a little. Pek az şeker istiyorum. I only want a little sugar. çok az extremely little [Lit: a lot little(er)] Çok az benzin kalıyor. just a small amount of petrol is left. Çok az para istedi. he only wanted a very small amount of money. The Demonstrative Adjectives "this,these, that, those" are discussed in Ch. 36 Demonstratives.   Ch. 9 : Personal Pronouns Personal Pronouns I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they In Turkish basic pronouns are divided into two categories

1. Stand‑alone Pronouns

Ben gidiyorum. I am going. The stand‑alone personal pronouns are not used widely as the person is evident from the personal verb ending. They are used for emphasis only in their simple form as the verb form itself already points to the person. This is similar to Spanish where a person will say "comprendo" I understand in place of "Yo comprendo" I understand. Stand-alone Pronouns are used in their extended forms when suffixes are added for all those important little words to, from, with, etc.

1. Pronouns in suffix form (extended words).

Gidiyorum. [gidiyor-um] I am going. Simple Personal Pronouns ben I sen you [familiar/informal] o He, she, it biz we siz you [plural/formal singular] onlar they Examples of Emphasis Gidiyorum. I'm going. Ben gidiyorum. I am going. [Emphasized] Kaldık. We stayed. Biz kaldık. We stayed. [Emphasized] Extended First Person Singular ben I bana to me [irregular NOT "bene"] benim of me, my [irregular NOT "benin"] beni me (obj.) bende on me benden from me benimle OR benle with me First Person Plural biz we bize to us bizim our [irregular NOT "bizimiz"] bizi us (obj.) bizde on us bizden from us bizimle OR bizle with us Second Person Singular (familiar/informal) sen you sana to you [irregular NOT "sene"] senin of you, your seni you (obj.) sende on you senden from you seninle OR senle with you Second Person Plural (polite/formal/public) siz you size to you sizin your sizi you (obj.) sizde on you sizden from you sizinle OR sizle with you Third Person Singular The third person singular pronoun O he, she, it adds letter‑n‑ o he, she, it ona to him, her, it onun of him, his, her, its onu him, her, it (obj.) onda on him, her,it ondan from him, her, it onunla OR onla with him, her, it Third Person Plural The third person plural is based on onlar they [Not "olar"] onlar they onlara to them onların their onları them (obj.) onlarda on them onlardan from them onlarla with them Extended Personal Pronoun Examples Bana onu verin. Give it to me. Onlara bakınız. Look at them. [Lit: towards them.] Bize inanıyorlar. They believe us. [Lit: believe to us.] Bende para yok. I've got no money. [Lit: on me] Sende para var mı? Have you got any money? [Lit: on you] Bizde para var mı? Have we got any money? [Lit: on us] Benden bir şemsiye alabilirsiniz. You can have an umbrella off me. [Lit: from me] Senden bir sigara alır mıyım? Can I have a cigarette off you? [Lit: take from you] Ondan korkuyorum. I am frightened of him . [Lit: frightened from him] Benim şemsiyemi alabilirsiniz. ou can take my umbrella. [şemsiye‑m‑i "my umbrella" as a Direct Object.] Senin araban yeni mi? Is your car new? Onların arabası eskidir. Their car is old. Mehmet, beni vurdu. Mehmet shot me. [ben‑i me as a Direct Object] Ali, arabanı onardı mı? Did Ali repair your car? [araba‑n‑ı your car as a Direct Object] Mustafa, onu yaptı. Mustapha did it.. [on‑u it as a Direct Object] "with, by" Suffix ‑le/‑la When adding the ‑le/ ‑la suffix ben(im)le, sen(in)le, on(un)la, biz(im)le, siz(in)le are alternatives. Thre are alternatives: the choices are: benimle OR benle seninle OR senle onunla OR onla bizimle OR bizle sizinle OR sizle onlarla [The third person plural onlarla is the only alternative] It is incorrect to say "onlarınla". The preferred method is "benim" etc. Mehmet, benimle/benle geldi. Mehmet came with me. [Lit: Mehmet and I came.] Mustafa, bizimle/bizle kalacak. Mustapha will stay with us. Ali, onlarla geldi mi? Did Ali come with them? The Reflexive Pronoun "kendi" self/own As an adjective kendi means own kendi bahçem my own garden kendi evin your own house The person agrees with the thing which is owned: kendi evi [kendi ev‑i] his own house kendim arabalarım [kendi araba‑ları] my own cars Personalised Forms kendi self kendim myself kendin yourself (familiar) kendi(si) himself, herself, itself The third person singular is almost always in the short form kendi as the ‑si suffix is dropped in use. kendimiz ourselves kendiniz yourselves OR yourself (polite form) kendileri themselves Kendi extended (suffixed) forms: kendime to myself kendinden from yourself kendinde OR kendisinde on himself. The ‑si suffix IS USED when further suffixes are added to kendi(si) kendimizle with ourselves kendinizin of yourselves kendilerinden from themselves Kendi is used in many different contexts, especially for emphasizing purposes.

1. Meaning myself, yourself, himself

Kendime bir bilgisayar aldım. I bought a computer for myself. Bence kendini biraz küçümsüyorsun. I think you underestimate yourself a bit. (b) Meaning own (as an adjective) kendi evim OR benim kendi evim my own house kendi düşüncesi OR onun kendi düşüncesi her own opinion (c) Meaning on my own or in order to emphasize the subject. Bu resmi ben kendim yaptım. I made this picture on my own (by myself). Bunu biz kendimiz düşündük. We thought that on our own (by ourselves).

1. To give a formal impression, used for 3rd person singular and plural, always as kendisi or kendileri.

Size Mr. Jones'u takdim etmek istiyorum. Kendisi daha önce bir şirkette CEO olarak çalışıyordu. I would like to present you Mr. Jones. He used to work [Lit: was working before] as a CEO in a company. To use O he instead of kendisi sounds too informal. Kendisi he himself suits the formal situation in a better way. (e) Duplication of kendi has an adverbial meaning. Bilgisayar bozuktu. Ama daha sonra kendi kendine çalıştı. The computer had broken down. But then, it worked by itself. Kendi kendime konuşuyorum. I am talking to myself. Türkçe'yi kendi kendime öğrendim. I learned Turkish by myself. This usage is similar to the Irish, where they may say "Is it yourself that is going to town now?" for "Are you going to town now?" Reflexive Verbs and the usage of kendi should not be confused. I had a wash uses Reflexive Verb yıkanmak to wash oneself Yıkandım. I washed myself. I had a wash. Active verb yilamak to wash somthing yıkadım I washed [something else] Çamaşırı yıkadım. [Çamaşır‑ı (obj.)] I did the washing. [Lit: I washed the washing.] The addition of the ‑n to the Active Verb yıkamak to wash something serves as a suffix with a reflexive meaning. "Kendimi yıkadım." is incorrect. Yıkandım is correct. Similarly "kendimi ısladım." is incorrect. Islandımis correct for I got wet. Interrogative Pronoun who?, whom? kim?, kimler? The pronoun kim? who? has a plural in Turkish kimler? who? English makes do with one form who for both singular and plural. Singular ‑ Plural ‑ Meaning kim ‑ kimler ‑ who? kime ‑ kimlere ‑ to whom? kimin ‑ kimlerin ‑ whose? kimi ‑ kimleri ‑ whom?(obj.) kimde ‑ kimlerde ‑ on whom? kimden ‑ kimlerden ‑ from whom? kiminle/kimle ‑ kimlerle ‑ with whom? Kimi gördünüz? ["kim‑ı" Objective Singular] Whom did you see? Kimleri gördünüz? ["Kimler‑i Objective Plural] Whom (what people) did you see? Arabayı kimlerden aldınız? [kimler‑den] From whom (plural) did you buy the car? Parayı kime verdiniz? [kim‑e] To whom did you give the money? Bu gözlük kimin? [kim‑in] Whose are these glasses? Kiminle geldi? [ Kim‑in‑le] Whom did he come with? kimse somebody, anybody/anybody?, nobody. biri somebody [positive singular general] birisi somebody [positive singular particular] birileri somebody [positive plural] kimse nobody [negative]) kimse anybody [negative] kimse? anybody? [positive or negative question] The word kimse, used for both singular and plural, is the same as "personne" in French. It can mean nobody [negative] or anybody? [positive and negative questions] according to the sentence context. Examples of Usage biri var, birisi var, birileri var all mean: There is somebody there. In English a Positive statement uses "somebody" The word somebody in Turkish can be a singular biri, birisi sombody or plural birileri sombodies. Kimse var mı?, Kimseler var mı? Is there anybody there? [Positive question uses anybody? in English.] Kimse yok. There is nobody there. [Negative statement uses nobody in English.] Kimse yok mu? Isn't there anybody there? [Negative question uses anybody? in English.] Şimdiden evde biri (birileri) olmalı . There must be somebody at home by now. [Positive Statement.] Saat sekizde parkta kimse görünmedi. At eight o'clock there was nobody to be seen in the park. [Negative Statement.] Saat sekizde parkta kimse var mıydı? Was there anybody in the park at eight o'clock? [Positive Question.] Şu anda ofisinizde kimse yok mu? Isn't there anybody in your office at the moment? [Negative Question.] The Diminutive Form kimsecik, kimsecikler The diminutive form kimsecik, kimsecikler is only used with the negative: kimsecik yok the meaning becomes nobody/anybody at all. The words and kimsecik, kimsecikler are invariable, they cannot take any further suffixes. Odanın içerisinde (or içinde) kimse var mı? Is there anybody inside the room? Odada kimsecik/kimsecikler yok. There is anybody at all in the room.   Ch. 10 : Possessive Adjectives The Possessive Adjective Possessive Adjectives my, your, her, our, their The Possessive Adjective my, your, his, her ,our, their is a suffix which obeys vowel harmony rules. It is called a Possessive Adjective because it shows possession and describes a noun. Which cat? The answer my cat. The word my is a Possessive Adjective describing the noun cat. In Turkish the suffix ‑ım ‑im ‑um ‑üm added to words ending in a consonant or just ‑m when added to words ending in a vowel means my. The E‑Dotted Vowels Singular el hand elim my hand diş tooth dişim my tooth göz eye gözüm my eye   gül rose gülüm my rose The E‑Dotted Vowels Plural eller hands ellerim my hands dişler teeth dişlerim my teeth gözler eyes gözlerim my eyes güller roses güllerim my roses The A‑UnDotted Vowels Singular ay month, moon ayım my month kız girl, daughter kızım my daughter tost toast tostum my toast sabun soap sabunum my soap The A‑UnDotted Vowels Plural aylar months, moons aylarım my months kızlar girls, daughters kızlarım my daughters tostlar toasts (slices of) tostlarım my toast(s) sabunlar (bars of)soap(s) sabunlarım my soap(s) The Plural is always the First Suffix Added. The Possessive Suffix follows the Plural Suffix. ellerim [el‑ler‑im] my hands odalarımız [oda‑lar‑ımız] our rooms When the word ends in a vowel then the Possessive Suffix drops its own initial vowel. kedi cat kedim [kedi‑m] my cat The Possessive Suffix does not lose a vowel when attached to the plural of a noun as it follows the final consonant of ‑ler kediler cats kedilerim [kedi‑ler‑im] my cats Possessive Adjective Reference Summary The suffixes obey Vowel Harmony Rules. Suffixed to Consonants: ‑ım ‑im ‑um ‑üm my Suffixed to Vowels: ‑m Suffixed to Consonants: ‑ın ‑in ‑un ‑ün your Suffixed to Vowels: ‑n Suffixed to Consonants: ‑ı ‑i ‑u ‑ü his, her, its Suffixed to Vowels: ‑sı ‑si ‑su‑ ‑sü Suffixed to Consonants: ‑ımız ‑imiz ‑umuz ‑ümüz our Suffixed to Vowels: ‑mız ‑miz ‑muz ‑müz Suffixed to Consonants: ‑ınız ‑iniz ‑unuz ‑ünüz your Suffixed to Vowels: ‑nız ‑niz ‑nuz ‑nüz Suffixed to Consonants: ‑ları ‑leri their Suffixed to Vowels: ‑ları ‑leri (no change) The single exception su water The word su water is the single irregular noun in Turkish. It takes a buffer letter ‑y‑ with all its suffixes which begin with a vowel. su water suyum my water suyun your water suyu his water suyumuz our water suyunuz your water suları their water. Third Person Singular uses Buffer -s The Third Person Singular Possessive Suffix ‑i becomes ‑si (Buffer Letter ‑s‑) when added to a noun ending in a vowel. oda room odası [oda‑s‑ı] his room This example shows the addition of the buffer letter ‑s‑ in order to keep two vowels apart. palto overcoat paltom my overcoat paltolarım my overcoats sokak street sokağım my street sokaklarım my streets göz eye gözün your eye gözleriniz your eyes armut pear armudu his pear The armutları his pears/their pear(s) can be construed three ways: armutlar‑ı his pears armut‑ları their pear armut‑ları their pears "armutlarları" is wrong, the ‑lar suffix cannot be duplicated. The context of conversation is usually enough for the correct interpretation to be understood. It seems that "their pears" should be "armutlarları", but suffixes ending in "‑lar" are never doubled. To make clear the singularity or plurality of the noun and to be explicit then the Ownership Condition pronoun onun his or onların their can be used accordingly: onun armudu his pear [he has singular pear] onun armutları his pears [he has plural pears] onların armudu their pear [they have a singular pear] onların armutları their pears [they have plural pears] Examples showing difference of singular and plural nouns araba car arabamız our car arabalarımız our cars kapı door kapım my door kapılarım my doors domuz pig domuzu his pig onun domuzları his pigs onların domuzları their pigs oda room odası his room onun odaları his rooms onların odası their rooms kulak ear kulağınız your ear kulaklarınız your ears aile family ailesi his family onların aileleri their families onların ailesi their family şemsiye umbrella şemsiyeniz your umbrella şemsiyeleriniz your umbrellas göz eye   onun gözleri his eyes onların gözleri their eyes otobüs bus otobüsümüz our bus otobüslerimiz our buses The addition of further suffixes to the possessed noun: A noun with the possessive suffix being a noun in its own right can be subject to further suffixes. kedi cat Singular * kedi ends in a vowel so only suffix ‑m is added kedim [kedi‑m] my cat kedimden [kedi‑m‑den] from my cat kedime [kedi‑m‑e] to my cat kediler cats Plural * kediler ends in a consonant so suffix ‑im is added kedilerim [kedi‑ler‑im] my cats kedilerimden [kedi‑ler‑im‑den] from my cats kedilerime [kedi‑ler‑im‑e] to my cats araba car * araba ends in a vowel so only suffix ‑n is added araban [araba‑n] your car arabana [araba‑n‑a] to your car arabanda [araba‑n‑da] in your car arabalar cars * arabalar ends in a consonant so total suffix ‑ım is added arabaların [araba‑lar‑ın] your cars arabalarına [araba‑lar‑ın‑a] to your cars arabalarında [araba‑lar‑ın‑da] in your cars elma apple * elma ends in a vowel, so third person suffix using buffer letter ‑sı is added onun elması [elma‑s‑ı] his apple onun elmasında [elma‑s‑ı‑n‑da] in his apple onun elmasından [elma‑s‑ı‑n‑dan] from his apple A noun with the possessive suffix can be subject to further suffixes. Buffer letter ‑n‑ is used when:

1. Adding second suffixes third person singular arabasına [araba‑sı‑n‑a] to his/her car
2. Adding third person plural onların elmalarından [elma‑ları‑n‑dan] from their apples

elmalar apples onun elmaları [elma‑lar‑ı] his apples onun elmalarında [elma‑lar‑ı‑n‑da] in his apples onların elmasında [elma‑s‑ı‑n‑da] in their apple onların elmasından [elma‑s‑ı‑n‑da] from their apple onların elmaları [elma‑ları] their apples onların elmalarında [elma‑ları‑n‑da] in their apples onların elmalarından [elma‑ları‑n‑dan] from their apples onların their is used to show that this/these apple(s) belongs to more than one person köy village köyümüz [köy‑ümüz] our village köyümüzde [köy‑ümüz‑de] in our village köyümüzden [köy‑ümüz‑den] from our village köyler villages köylerimiz [köy‑ler‑imiz] our villages köylerimizde [köy‑ler‑imiz‑de] in our villages köylerimizden [köy‑ler‑imiz‑den] from our villages köpek dog köpeğiniz [köpeğ‑iniz] your dog köpekleriniz [köpek‑ler‑iniz] your dogs köpeğinizde [köpeğ‑iniz‑de] on your dog köpeğinize [köpeğ‑iniz‑e] to your dog The Rule of Consonant Mutation where ‑k changes to ‑ğ is operating. köpekler dogs köpekleri [köpek‑leri] hıs dogs/their dog(s) onun köpeklerine [köpek‑ler‑i‑n‑e] to his dogs onların köpeklerine [köpek‑leri‑n‑e] to their dogs onların köpeklerinden [köpek‑leri‑n‑den] from their dogs ev house onların evi [ev‑i]‑ their house onların evine [ev‑i‑n‑e] to their house onların evinde [ev‑i‑n‑de] in their house onların evinden [ev‑i‑n‑den] from their house evler houses onun evleri [ev‑ler‑i] his houses onların evleri [ev‑leri] their houses onun evlerinde [ev‑ler‑i‑n‑de] in his houses onların evlerinde [ev‑leri‑n‑de] in their houses onun evlerinden [ev‑ler‑i‑n‑den] from his houses onların evlerinden [ev‑leri‑n‑den] from their houses   Ch. 11 : The Possessive Relationship The Possessive Relationship All about Possession There is a special construction in Turkish which means "belonging to". In English generally only the Possessor is marked as in Janet's house where the 's tells us that the house belongs to Janet. Possession can also be marked by both the Possessor and the Possessed in English as in "The hair of the dog." Both words "hair" and "dog" are marked : "THE hair and OF THE dog." This then is the way that Turkish uses, both the Possessor and the Possessed are always marked: Köpeğin tüyü [Köpeğ‑in tüy‑ü] The hair of the dog. [Lit: of‑the‑dog the‑hair] The Possessor In Turkish the Possessor is suffixed with the Ownership Condition: ‑(n)in ‑(n)ın ‑(n)un ‑(n)ün The ‑in Ownership [genitive] suffix means of, belonging to. It is subject to vowel harmony. Formation of the "Possessor" The Possessor takes the ownership suffix ‑in ‑ın ‑un ‑ün adam man adamın [adam‑ın] of the man, the man's göz eye gözün [göz‑ün] of the eye, the eye's All plural forms end in a consonant ‑ler/‑lar. adamlar the men adamların [adam‑lar‑ın] of the men, the men's fareler the mice farelerin [fare‑ler‑in] of the mice, the mice's lastikler the tyres lastiklerin [lastik‑ler‑in] of the tyres, the tyres' Possessors ending in vowels use buffer letter ‑n‑ banyo bath banyonun [banyo‑n‑un] of the bath, the bath's köprü bridge köprünün [köprü‑n‑ün] of the bridge, the bridge's Formation of "the Possessed" The Possessed Item in Turkish is suffixed with the 3rd person Suffix to show it as a substantive item owned by its Possessor. The Possessed item in Turkish is suffixed with ‑i ‑ı ‑u ‑ü his, hers, its. If the word being suffixed already ends in a vowel then the buffer letter ‑s‑ is used after this final vowel, thus the forms ‑si ‑sı ‑su ‑sü are used. The only exception is su water which uses the buffer letter ‑y‑ producing suyu ["susu" is wrong] Formation of the Possessive Relationship The Possessor is marked with the Ownership Suffix and the Possessed is marked with 3rd person suffix to make it substantive. Both the Possessor and Possessed are suffixed in Turkish as follows: The Possessor adam man with the Possessed el hand becomes adamın eli [adam‑ın el‑i] the man's hand, the hand of the man [Lit: of-the-man the-hand.] The Possessor Mehmet with the Possessed palto overcoat becomes Mehmet 'in paltosu. [Mehmet‑'in palto‑su] Mehmet's overcoat. [Lit: of-Mehmet the-overcoat.] The irregular noun su water becomes adamın suyu [adam‑ın su‑y‑u] the man's water. [Lit: of-the-man the-water]. Proper Names beginning with a capital letter are separated the suffix by apostrophe: Londra'nın London's, of London. Ali'nin kalemi Ali's pencil Plural Possessive Relationships The plurals are formed by the addition of ‑ler or ‑lar to either the possessor or the possessed or to both according to context. Both Possessor and Possessed Singular adamın arabası [adam‑ın araba‑sı] the man's car evin damı [ev‑in dam‑ı] the roof of the house The Possessor Plural and Possessed Singular yıldızların ışığı [yıldız‑lar‑ın ışığ‑ı] the light of the stars adamların arabası [adam‑lar‑ın araba‑sı] the men's car The Possessor Singular and Possessed Plural adamın arabaları [adam‑ın araba‑lar‑ı] the man's cars odanın duvarları [oda‑nı duvar‑lar‑ı] the walls of the room Both Possessor Plural and Possessed Plural adamların arabaları [adam‑lar‑ın araba‑lar‑ı] the men's cars çocukların oyunları [çocouk‑lar‑ın oyun‑lar‑ı] the children's games The Possessive Relationship in Use The Possessive Relationship is Compound Noun in its own right. Further suffixes added to the Possessed item(s) modify the meaning according to context. ‑(n)dan ‑(n)den from ‑(n)da ‑(n)de in, on, at ‑(n)a ‑(n)e to, towards Buffer Letter ‑n‑ is used where necessary to keep suffixed vowels apart. Adamın arkadaşına kitabı verdim. [Adam‑ın arkadaş‑ı‑na kitab‑ı verdim] I gave the book to the man's friend. [Lit: "Man‑of friend‑his‑to book‑the gave‑I"] Adamın arkadaşından kitabı aldım. [Adam‑ın arkadaş‑ı‑ndan kitab‑ı aldım] I took the book from the man's friend. [Lit: "Man‑of friend‑his‑from book‑the took‑I"] Possessive Relationship Models Both the Possessor and the Possessed Singular adamın arabası the man's car adamın arabasının of the man's car, the man's car's adamın arabasına to the man's car adamın arabasını the man's car (object) adamın arabasında in the man's car adamın arabasından from the man's car adamın arabasıyla with the man's car The Possessor Singular and the Possessed Plural adamın arabaları the man's cars adamın arabalarının of the man's cars, the man's car's adamın arabalarına to the man's cars adamın arabalarını the man's cars (object) adamın arabalarında in the man's cars adamın arabalarından from the man's cars adamın arabalarıyla with the man's cars The Possessor Plural and the Possessed Singular   adamların arabası the men's car adamların arabasının of the men's car, the men's car's adamların arabasına to the men's car adamların arabasını the men's car (object) adamların arabasında in the men's car adamların arabasından from the men's car adamların arabasıyla with the men's car Both Possessor and Possessed Plural adamların arabaları the men's cars adamların arabalarının of the men's cars, the men's cars' adamların arabalarına to the men's cars adamların arabalarını the men's cars (object) adamların arabalarında in the men's cars adamların arabalarından from the men's cars adamların arabalarıyla with the men's cars The Separation of Possessor and Possessed The Possessive Relationship may be separated by other words such as an adjective or an adjectival phrase: Adamın eski arkadaşından. From the man's old friend. Adamın büyük ve pahalı arabasında. In the man's large and expensive car. Chaining Possessors The chaining of Possessors is quite easy in Turkish: evin kapısının penceresi. the house's door's window. With various plural forms: evin kapısının pencereleri. the house's door's windows. evlerin kapısının penceresi. the houses' door's window. [Lit: the window of the door of the houses.] Each "chained" Possessor takes the Possessor Suffix in ‑in AND the Possessed Suffix in ‑i hence: ev-ler-in of the houses [root possessor] kapı‑sı‑nın of the door [chained possessor] The final Possessed item pencere‑si the window takes the Possessed Suffix ‑si. Ali'nin defterinin sayfaları yırtılmıştır. Ali's notebook's pages have been torn. Bahçenin duvarlarının tuğlaları kırılmıştır. The garden's walls' bricks have been broken. Mehmet'in bisikletinin lastikleri aşınılmıştır. Mehmet's bicycle's tyres have been worn down. Arabamızın motorunun benzin deposunun doldurma kapağı eksiktir. ‑tir makes this a defining statement.) Our car's engine's petrol tank's filler cap is missing. [Lit: "is absent"] English says something like: Ali's notebook pages are torn. The garden walls' bricks are broken. Mehmet's bicycle tyres are worn down. Our car engine petrol tank's filler cap is missing. Summary of Turkish Possessive Relationship.

1. Turkish "Possessor" is suffixed with the Ownership ‑(n)in state.
2. Turkish "Possessed" nouns have to be made definite by the ‑(s)i suffix.
3. All these suffixes follow Vowel Harmony Rules.

  Ch. 12 : Possessive Constructions Possessive Constructions Formation of Possessive Constructions A simple basic Possessive Construction is two nouns where the first noun "owns" the second noun. Ev house and duvar wall produces a Possessive Construction: evin duvarı [ev‑in duvar‑ı] the wall of the house [literally in Turkish "the house‑of wall‑its".] The Possessor "house" has the Suffix of Ownership (Genitive Suffix): ev‑in of the house, the house's. The Possessed Object "wall" is made specific by adding the 3rd Person Suffix: duvar‑ı its (the) wall. Extended Forms of Possessive Constructions Buffer Letter ‑n‑ is used to keep additional suffixes apart. Addition of the Motion Toward, Static or Motion Away produces: evin duvarına [ev‑in duvar‑ı‑n‑a] to the wall of the house [to the house's wall] evin duvarında [ev‑in duvar‑ı‑n‑da] at/on/in the wall of the house [in/on/at the house's wall] evin duvarından [evin duvar‑ı‑n‑dan] from the wall of the house [from the house's wall] Odanın içinde yer bulup oturdu. He found a place in the room and sat down. ["In the inside of the room."] Mehmet'in kutuda ne var? What is in Mehmet's box? Bilmem, onun içine bakmadım. I don't know, I have not looked (to the) inside (of) it. Bankanın içinden bir ses geliyordu. A sound was coming from (the) inside (of) the bank. Bu odanın içindekiler birbiriyle sohbet ediyor. The people in this room are chatting to each other. [Lit: "The people that are in the inside of the room are chatting to each other."] Definite Possession Frequently the distinction is one of definiteness (or specificity). If the first noun carries the Possessive Suffix, it is definite (specific) and refers to a particular specific object known to the speaker. Bu hayvanlar mağaranın içinde yaşar. These animals live in the cave. [a definite cave "magara-nın iç-i-nde] Eşyalarımı kutunun içine koydum. I put my things into the box. [a definite box "kutu-nun iç-i-ne" ] Indefinite Possession Omission of the Possessive Suffix In some cases the suffix of Possession may be omitted from the first noun with very little difference in meaning: Fabrikanın içinde çok insan çalışıyor. Fabrika içinde çok insan çalışıyor. Both the above mean Many people are working in the factory. There is a distinction in definiteness and specific meaning when the Possession Suffix is omitted from the first noun. If the Possessive Suffix is absent then the noun becomes indefinite and is often used in a general sense: Bu hayvanlar mağara içinde yaşar. These animals live in caves. [caves generally "mağara iç-i-nde"] Eşyalarımı kutu içine koydum. I put my things into a box/boxes. [indefinite box/boxes "kutu i-çi-ne"] Idiomatic Forms of Possession Sometimes the Possessive Compound corresponds to an idiomatic expression: Ali'nin dairesi, şehrin içinde. Ali's office is (right) in the town. Ali'nin dairesi, şehir içinde. Ali's office is in town. ("downtown" USA usage) Metaphorical Sense Also the Possessive (genitive) is normally omitted when it is used in a metaphorical instead of actual physical sense: Bir hafta içinde kitabını bitirecek. He will finish his book within a week. İki gün içinde geri döneceğim. I'll return in(side) two days. Demonstratives are Definite However, when the first noun is already definite as in the case of the Demonstrative Pronouns this and that, then it MUST have a Possessor Suffix: Bu şehrin içinde çok insan var. There are many people (living) in this (paticular) city. Bu bahçenin içinde çok çeşit çiçek bulunur. Many type of flowers are to be found in this (particular) garden. Yangın, o adamın ofisinin içinde başlamış. Apparently the fire started in that (particular) man's office. (chained possession "in the wall of the office