Terminal Consonant Rules Words cannot end with the voiced consonants b c d g. Words must end in the equivalent unvoiced forms p ç t k in order to finish the pronunciation without continuity thus helping the listener to determine word breaks in conversation. Sahil Pup has been written for "Sahil Pub" [The Seaside Pub]. Similarly the spelling kebab is wrong kebap is correct. The name Mehmed is wrong Mehmet is correct. There are a few words which do end in voiced consonants such as ad, od, sac. This is to make their meaning recognizable from similar word that have a unvoiced consonant at the end. ad name at horse od fire ot grass sac sheet iron saç hair This little group of words is an exception to the general rule that words always end in a unvoiced Consonant. Proper Names Proper Names do not change in writing Memed'in Mehmet's is only valid in spoken language. It should be written as Mehmet'in but should be pronounced Memedin. Although the letter ‑h‑ is always articulated and pronounced in Turkish (it being a phonetic language), the name "Mehmet" is an exception it is always pronounced as "Memed" through constant usage. Another example is Burak'ın (as written) should be pronounced as Burağın. Suffix Mutation and Vowel Harmony Words ending in Unvoiced Consonants

1. The leading consonant of the suffix must mutate to follow with the word's terminal consonant.
2. The suffix reverts to its unvoiced form when added to words ending in an unvoiced consonant.
3. The vowels of the suffixes must change to agree with the final vowel of the

word. 4. The suffix in, on, at ‑de/‑da [voiced form] changes to ‑te/‑ta [unvoiced form] ayak foot ayakta on the foot. parmak finger parmakta on the finger sabah morning sabahtı it was morning The suffix from ‑den/‑dan changes to ‑ten/‑tan ağaç tree ağaçtan from the tree bilet ticket biletten from the ticket kitap book kitapta [not kitap‑da] in the book otobüs bus otobüstü [not otobüs‑dü] it was a bus dolmuş dolmush (small bus) dolmuşta [not dolmuş‑da] in the dolmush ilaç medicine ilaçta [not ilaç‑da] in the medicine sabah morning sabahtan [not sabah‑dan] from morning kibrit match kibritten [not kibrit‑den] from the match The last example kibrit preserves a double letter ‑tt‑ when adding the suffix ‑ten to produce kibritten [kibrit‑ten] Turkish generally abhors two consonants arising together but here are two separate words match and from being joined together, so each word must retain its full form. There are a few words that historically end in a voiced consonant but for these words that do end in a voiced consonant the suffix retains its voiced form. Mutation of words ending in Unvoiced Consonants: Example of the effect of adding a suffix ‑dı it was which begins with a consonant.

1. kitap book ends in unvoiced ‑p, therefore suffix "‑dı" "it was" mutates to "‑tı"
2. The suffix ‑tı takes it unvoiced form from the terminal -t ending.
3. The vowelof the suffiz becomes -ı [UnDotted I] to harmonize with the final vowel of kitap.

kitaptı [kitap‑tı ] it was a book. The same example when adding a suffix which begins with a vowel: kitabınız your book suffix ‑ınız begins with a vowel so kitap beomes kitab‑ınız. Suffixed Extended word ends in voiced ‑z thus kitabınız‑da kitabınızda [kitab‑ınız‑da] in your book. The plural ‑ler/‑lar which ends in an voiced letter ‑r. Adding suffixes terminal vowels and the Plural Suffix ‑lar/‑ler which ends in voiced ‑r köpekten from the dog köpeklerden from the dogs köpeğinden [köpeğ‑in‑den] from his dog ilaçta in the medicine ilaçlarda in the medicines ilacında [ilac‑ın‑da] in his medicine otobüsten from the bus otobüslerden [otobüs‑ler‑den] from the buses sokaktan from the street sokaklardan [sokak‑lar‑dan] from the streets The examples above show where the voiced ‑r ending of the plural suffix ‑ler/‑lar forces the subsequent suffix to take its voiced form. Consonant Mutation Rules

1. If the word ends these Unvoiced Consonants [p ç t k]

When adding a suffix beginning with a vowel then the last letter of the root word changes to its voiced form: p ⇔ b ç ⇔ c t ⇔ d k ⇔ ğ kitap book kitabı p ⇔ b [kitab‑ı] his book kazanç profit kazancı ç ⇔ c [kazanc‑ı] his profit kilit lock kilidi t ⇔ d [kilid‑i] his lock köpek dog köpeğiniz k ⇔ ğ [köpeğ‑iniz] your dog

1. If the word ends in an Unvoiced Consonants [p ç t k f h s ş]

When adding a suffix beginning with a consonant then the suffix consonant "‑d" changes to its Unvoiced Form "‑t" tıkaç plug, stopper tıkaçtan [tıkaç‑tan] from the plug kitap book kitaptan [kitap‑tan] from the book kilit lock kilitte [kilit‑te] in the lock köpek dog köpekten [köpek‑ten] from the dog sabah morning sabahtan [sabah‑tan] from the morning domates tomato domatesten [domates‑ten] from the tomato(es) giriş exit girişte [giriş‑te] at the exit raf shelf raftan [raf‑tan] from the shelf   Ch. 4 : Buffer Letters Turkish uses three buffer letters ‑n‑, ‑y‑, ‑s‑ to keep vowels apart and to separate suffixes. There are rules for the use of each one. The buffer letter ‑S‑ Buffer Letter ‑S‑ is only used with the third person suffix ‑i ‑ı ‑u ‑ü meaning his, her, its thus taking the form ‑si ‑sı ‑sü ‑su when added to a root word which ends in a vowel. şapka hat,the hat şapkası [şapka‑sı NOT "şapka‑ı"] his/her hat. As the third person singular suffix is a single vowel ‑i, then it becomes ‑si by using buffer letter ‑s‑ in order to keep two vowels apart and preserve the original root word. kedi cat kedisi [kedi‑s‑i] his/her cat şemsiye umbrella şemsiyesi [şemsiye‑s‑i] his/her umbrella kapı door kapısı [kapı‑s‑ı] his/her/its door palto overcoat paltosu [palto‑s‑u] his overcoat ütü flatiron ütüsü [ütü‑s‑ü] his/her iron araba car arabası [araba‑s‑ı] his/her car kuzu sheep kuzusu [kuzu‑s‑u] his/her sheep The buffer letter ‑s‑ is only used for the third person singular possessive suffix. It is not used in any other instance. The buffer letter ‑Y‑ with Direct Object Condition Buffer Letter ‑Y‑ is used ON PLAIN SIMPLE UN‑SUFFIXED NOUNS ONLY when suffixed with the Direct Object Condition ‑i the. The Direct Object Condition suffix (Accusative) ‑i ‑ı ‑ü ‑u the [obj.] adds buffer letter ‑Y‑ to become ‑yi ‑yı ‑yu ‑yü when added to a root word which ends in a vowel. kedi cat, the cat (subj.) kediyi [kedi‑y‑i] the cat (object) banka bank bankayı [banka‑y‑ı] the bank (object) kuzu sheep kuzuyu [kuzu‑y‑u] the sheep (obj.) Buffer Letter "N" with Direct Object Condition Buffer Letter ‑N‑ is used ON ALREADY SUFFIXED NOUNS when suffixed with the Direct Object Condition ‑i ‑ı ‑ü ‑u the. (obj,) It takes buffer letter ‑n‑ to become ‑ni ‑nı ‑nu ‑nü when added as a second suffix to an already extended noun. kuzusunu [kuzu‑su‑nu] his sheep (object) bankasını [banka‑sı‑nı] his bank (object) The buffer letter ‑Y‑ with Motion Toward Condition Buffer Letter ‑Y is used ON PLAIN SIMPLE UN‑SUFFIXED NOUNS ONLY when suffixed with the Motion Towards Condition ‑a/‑e to, towards The Motion Towards Condition ‑a, ‑e to, towards (Dative) takes buffer letter ‑Y‑ to become ‑ya/‑ye when added to a root word which ends in a vowel. kedi cat kediye [kedi‑y‑e] to the cat banka bank bankaya [banka‑y‑a] to the bank baba father babaya [baba‑y‑a] to the father Buffer Letter "N" with Motion Toward Condition Buffer Letter ‑N is used ON ALREADY SUFFIXED NOUNS when suffixed with the Motion Toward Condition ‑e/‑a to, toward. Buffer letter ‑N‑ is used with nouns that have already been suffixed. The Motion Toward Suffix becomes ‑(n)a/‑(n)e when added as a second suffix. kedisi [kedi‑si] his/her cat kedisine [kedi‑si‑n‑e] to his/her cat bankası [banka‑sı] his/her bank bankasına [banka‑sı‑n‑a] to his/her bank babaları [baba‑ları] their father babalarına [baba‑ları‑n‑a] to their father Summary : Buffer Letter "N" with Suffixed Nouns Buffer Letter ‑N is used on NOUNS ALREADY SUFFIXED with the 3rd Person suffixes ‑(s)i ‑(s)ı ‑(s)ü ‑(s)u his, her, its and ‑lari ‑leri their This shift of buffer letter ‑Y‑ to ‑N‑ enables the listener to discern that the word is already agglutinated (extended) by previous suffixes. Examples of already extended nouns: kedisi [kedi‑s‑i] his/her cat kedisini [kedi‑s‑i‑n‑i] his/her cat (object) kedisi [kedi‑s‑i] his/her cat kedisine [kedi‑s‑i‑n‑e] to his/her cat (motion toward) bankası [banka‑s‑ı] his/her bank bankasını [banka‑s‑ı‑n‑ı] his/her bank (object) gözleri [göz‑leri] their eye(s) gözlerinin [gözü‑leri‑nin] of his eye, his eye's mutfakları [mutfak‑ları] their kitchen(s) mutfaklarının [mutfak‑ları‑n‑ın] of their kitchen(s), their kitchen's, their kitchens' The Buffer Letter ‑N‑ with Ownership Condition Buffer Letter "N" Ownership Condition (Genitive possessor). It does not use Buffer Letter ‑Y‑. The Ownership condition uses Buffer Letter ‑N‑ for both root words and already extended words. The Ownership Condition ‑in ‑ın ‑ün ‑un of, 's (Genitive) takes buffer letter ‑N‑to become ‑nin ‑nın ‑nün ‑nun when added to a ROOT word which ends in a vowel. kedi cat kedinin [kedi‑n‑in] of the cat, the cats banka bank bankanın [banka‑n‑ın] of the bank, the bank's The Ownership Condition also takes buffer letter ‑N‑ when added to an ALREADY EXTENDED word which ends in a vowel. bankası [banka‑sı] his bank bankasının [banka‑sı‑n‑ın] of this bank, this bank's gözü [göz‑ü] his eye gözünün [gözü‑n‑ün] of his eye, his eye's mutfağı [mutfağ‑ı] his/her kitchen mutfağının [mutfağ‑ı‑n‑ın] of his kitchen, her kitchen's Motion Away and Static Position Conditions The suffixes ‑de in, on, at and ‑dan with, by are added directly to basic nouns kedi cat kedide [kedi‑de] on the cat kediden [kedi‑den] from the cat kapı door kapıda [kapı‑da] on/at the door kapıdan [kapı‑dan] from the door Buffer Letter "N" with ‑de and ‑den Buffer letter ‑N‑ used with ‑da/‑de in, on, at and ‑dan/‑den from, via, by, through. When adding these suffixes to ALREADY EXTENDED nouns, they become ‑nda/‑nde and ‑ndan/‑nden to keep the suffix apart from the noun it modifies. kedisi [kedi‑si] his cat kedisinde [kedi‑si‑nde] on his cat kedisinden [kedi‑si‑nden] from his/her cat kediden [kedi‑den] from the cat kedilerinden [kedi‑leri‑nden] from their cat(s) kedisinden [kedi‑s‑i‑n‑den] from his/her cat kedilerinden [kedi‑ler‑i‑nden] from his/her cats kapısı door kapısında [kapı‑sı‑n‑da] on/at his/her door kapısından [kapı‑sı‑ndan] from his/her door evi [ev‑i] his/her house evinde [ev‑i‑n‑de] in his/her house evden [ev‑den] from the house/from home evinden [ev‑i‑nden] from his house/home evlerde [evler‑de] in the houses evlerinde [ev‑leri‑nde] in their house(s) evinde [ev‑i‑n‑de] in his/her house evlerinde [ev‑leri‑nde] in their house evinden [ev‑i‑n‑den] from his/her house evlerinden [ev‑leri‑nden] from their house bankadan [banka‑dan] from the bank bankasından [banka‑sı‑ndan] from his/her bank bankada [banka‑da] in/at the bank bankasında [banka‑sı‑nda] in/at his bank bankası [banka‑s‑ı] is/her bank bankasından [banka‑s‑ı‑n‑dan] from his/her bank bankalardan [banka‑lar‑dan] from the banks onların bankalarından [onlar‑ın banka‑ları‑ndan] from their bank(s) bankasında [banka‑s‑ı‑n‑da] in hi/her bank bankalarında [banka‑ları‑nda] in their bank Both the suffixes ‑da/‑de and ‑dan/‑den require a buffer ‑N‑ when added to an extended word. Buffer Letter Usage Examples Babası [Baba‑s‑ı] his father Sırası [his turn] Kuzusu [Kuzu‑s‑u] his sheep Kapısını [Kapı‑s‑ı‑n‑ı] its door (obj.) Bundan [Bu‑n‑dan] from this Onu [O‑n‑u] that/him/her/it (obj.) Onun [O‑n‑un] his/her/its Ondan [O‑n‑dan] from him/from that Şunda [Şu‑n‑da] in/on/at that Şundan [Şu‑n‑dan] from that Nereye? [Nere‑y‑e] Where to? Oraya [Ora‑y‑a] o there Sobaya [Soba‑y‑a] to the stove Parayı [Para‑y‑ı] the money (obj.) Suyu [Su‑y‑u] the water (obj.) Kapısını [Kapı‑s‑ı‑n‑ı] its door (obj.) Arabanın [Araba‑n‑ın] of the car Yanından [Yanı‑n‑dan] from his/her/its side   Ch. 5 : The Suffixes Turkish Language The Main Suffixes In English prepositions "in, on, of, by, etc." are placed separately in front of the word they modify. In Turkish, they are post‑positions suffixed directly to the noun that they modify thus forming new complete words. Suffixes and Vowel Harmony English uses agglutination to form other words. The word hope produces hopeless by the addition of a ‑less suffix. It can be further agglutinated to hopelessness. This then is the way of Turkish. Even the little words like in, on, at, from are suffixed to their noun thus producing extended words with different meanings. Turkish suffixes follow Vowel Harmony Rules: Adding the suffixes ‑de in, on, at and ‑den from to an E‑Dotted Vowel Form E İ Ö Ü ev house evde [ev‑de] in the house evden [ev‑den] from the house Adding the suffixes ‑da and ‑dan to an A‑UnDotted Vowel Form A I O U oda room odada [oda‑da] in the room odadan [oda‑dan] from the room The Six Noun Conditions Turkish has a Subject Condition (nominative) which carries no suffix and five conditions each with a typical ending. The vowels of the suffix must match final vowel of the root word according to Vowel Harmony Rules. (Ch.2) The initial consonant of the suffix may change according to Consonant Mutation Rules. (Ch.3) (1) Subject Condition: The noun in its root form without a suffix. The Subject Condition is the subject of a sentence. (nominative) The subject is considered a specific in Turkish so it does not need a definite article "THE". (2) Object Condition: Suffix ‑i ‑ı ‑u ‑ü or ‑yi ‑yı ‑yu ‑yü when affixed to words ending in a vowel or ‑ni ‑nı ‑nu ‑nü when affixed to already extended words ending in a vowel. The Objective is the direct object of a verb, it equates to the in English (accusative) (3) Movement Towards Condition: Suffix ‑a/‑e or ‑ya/‑ye when affixed direct to word ending in a vowel or ‑ne/‑na when affixed to already extended words ending in a vowel. Movement Towards equates to to, towards in English. (dative) (4) Static Position Condition: Suffix ‑da/‑de or ‑ta/‑te according to Consonant Mutation rules or ‑nde/‑nda when affixed to extended words which end in a vowel. The Static is the condition of place equates to in, on, at in English. (locative) (5) Movement Away Condition: Suffix ‑dan/‑den or ‑tan/‑ten according to Consonant Mutation rules or ‑nden/‑ndan when affixed to extended words which end in a vowel. The Movement Away suffix equates to from, by, via in English. (ablative) (6) Ownership Condition: Ownership suffix ‑in ‑ın ‑un ‑ün when affixed to plain or extended words ending in a consonant. It becomes ‑nin ‑nın ‑nun ‑nün when affixed to plain or extended words ending in a vowel. The Ownership Suffix DOES NOT use buffer letter ‑Y‑ The Ownership suffix signifies that the noun "owns" something. (the genitive). This suffix equates to of, ‑'s [of Mehmet, Mehmet's] (7) With Condition: Suffix ‑le/‑la or ‑yle/‑yla after vowels. It can also stand alone as a separate word ile [without Vowel harmony.] This suffix means together with, and, also, (8) Without Condition (lacking): Suffix ‑siz ‑sız ‑suz ‑süz. This suffix gives the sense of lacking. This suffix equates to without ["without sugar"] and the various negating prefixes and suffixes of English un‑, dis‑, non‑, ‑less ["unfair, dishonest, nonsense, hopeless"] (9) Containing Condition: Suffix ‑li ‑lı ‑lu ‑lü gives the sense of belonging to somewhere or being contained in something. Furnished with, Containing, Belonging to, Place of The ‑li suffix equates to furnished with in English: ["with sugar, sugary, sugured"] and various additional or augmenting suffixes and prefixes: ["leafy, salty, coloured, numbered"] The Subject Condition There is no Turkish word for the Subject Definite Article. The context tells us when to insert a specifier THE in English. Subject Singular Nouns Un‑suffixed nouns are in the Subject Condition (Nominative). They can be specific or non‑specific in Turkish. English uses the specifier THE. Turkish has no Subject Condition specifier. This can cause translation difficulties both ways. okul school, the school bulut cloud, the cloud gazete newspaper, the newspaper hafta week, the week ödül present, the gift Subject Plural Nouns Plural Noun form used for two or more items of an object. The plural suffix is ‑ler or ‑lar which is added to the root word according to Vowel Harmony Rules. okullar [okul‑lar] schoosl, the schools bulutlar [bulut‑lar] clouds, the clouds gazeteler [gazete‑ler] newspapers, the newspapers haftalar [hafta‑lar] weeks, the weeks ödüller [ödül‑ler] presents, the gifts The subject can be non‑specific or made specific in English with insertion of the Definite Article "The" The Object Condition The English Object Definite Article "THE" appears as the suffix ‑i ‑ı ‑ü ‑u according to Vowel Harmony in Turkish. It has the forms:

1. Suffixed to Plain Nouns: ‑i ‑ı ‑u ‑ü which end in a consonant.
2. Suffixed to Plain Nouns which end in vowel ‑yi ‑yı ‑yu ‑yü
3. Suffixed to Extended Nounswhich end in vowel: ‑ni ‑nı ‑nu ‑nü

ev house, the house evi [ev‑i] the house (obj.) sokak street, the street sokağı [sokağ‑ı] the street (obj.) [‑k mutates to ‑ğ] gül rose, the rose gülü [gül‑ü] the rose (obj.) It takes buffer letter ‑y to become ‑yi ‑yı ‑yu ‑yü when added to a root word which ends in a vowel: kedi cat, the cat kediyi [kedi‑y‑i] the cat (obj.) banka bank, the bank bankayı [banka‑y‑ı] the bank (obj.) kutu box, the box kutuyu [kutu‑y‑u] the box (obj.) The buffer letter ‑y‑ is only used with simple nouns ending in a vowel which have not already been suffixed. It is also suffixed to extended (already suffixed) nouns which end in a consonant: evim my house evimi [ev‑im‑i] my house (obj.) sokağın your street sokağını [sokağ‑ın‑ı] your street (obj.) güller roses gülleri [gül‑ler‑i] The roses (obj.) But it takes buffer letter ‑n‑ to become ‑ni ‑nı ‑nu ‑nü when added as a second suffix to an already extended noun. kedisi [kedi‑si] his/her cat kedisini [kedi‑si‑n‑i] his/her cat (obj.) bankası [banka‑sı] his/her bank bankasını [banka‑sı‑n‑ı] his/her bank (obj.) This shift of buffer letter y to n enables the listener to discern that the word is already agglutinated (extended) by previous suffixes. To reiterate: The buffer letter ‑n‑ is only used on already extended (suffixed) nouns. The Direct Object Suffix is difficult to use naturally for English speakers. It requires observation and practice. Motion Towards Condition Formation of the Motion Towards Condition ‑e/‑ye, ‑a/‑ya, ‑ne/‑na.

1. ‑e/‑a is used with root nouns which end in a consonant or used with extended (already suffixed) nouns which end in a consonant.
2. ‑ye/‑ya [buffer letter ‑y] is only used with root nouns which end in a vowel.
3. ‑ne/‑na [buffer letter ‑n] is only used with extended (already suffixed) nouns ending in a vowel.

The Motion Towards suffix ‑a or ‑e to, towards is suffixed directly to all root words which end in a consonant: ev house, the house eve [ev‑e] to the house sokak street, the street sokağa [sokağ‑a] to the street gül rose, the rose güle [gül‑e] to the rose It takes buffer letter ‑y‑ when added directly as the first suffix to a root word which ends in a vowel, thus taking the form ‑ye, ‑ya kedi cat, the cat kediye [kedi‑y‑e] to the cat banka bank, the bank bankaya [banka‑y‑a] to the bank It is also suffixed to extended (already suffixed) nouns which end in a consonant: evim my house evime [ev‑im‑e] to my house sokağın your street sokağına [sokağ‑ın‑a] to your street güller roses güllere [gül‑ler‑e] to the roses But it takes buffer letter ‑n‑ when added as a second suffix to an already extended noun, thus taking the form ‑ne ‑na. kedi cat, the cat kedisi [kedi‑si] his cat kedisine [kedi‑si‑ne] to his cat baba father, the father babaları [baba‑ları] their father babalarına [baba‑ları‑n‑a] to their father This shift of Buffer Letter ‑y to ‑n helps the listener to discern that that noun has already been extended by a previous suffix. To reiterate: The buffer letter ‑n‑ is only used on already extended (suffixed) nouns. Examples of Motion Toward Suffix adama [adam‑a] to the man adamlara [adamlar‑a] to the men kediye [kedi‑y‑e] to the cat kedi cat ends in a vowel so "kedi‑y‑e" is used. "kedi‑e" is incorrect. kedilere [kedi‑ler‑e] to the cats eve [ev‑e] to home evlere [ev‑ler‑e] to the houses kapı doorends in a vowel kapıya [kapı‑y‑a] ["kapı‑a" is incorrect.] to the door kapılara[kapı‑lar‑a] to the doors Static Position Condition (Locative) "‑de/‑da, ‑te/‑ta, ‑nde/‑nda" The Static Position (Locative) Suffix de or da in, on, at. This suffix shows concrete place (location): adamda [adam‑da] on the man adamlarda [adam‑lar‑da] on the men kedide [kedi‑de] on the cat kedilerde [kedi‑ler‑de] on the cats evde [ev‑de] at home evlerde [ev‑ler‑de] at the houses Ali bey, evdeymiş. [ev‑de‑ymiş] Probably Ali bey is at home. kapıda [kapı‑da] at the door kapılarda [kapı‑lar‑da] at/by the doors köprüde [köprü‑de] on the bridge köprülerde [köprü‑ler‑de] on the bridges odada [oda‑da] in the room odalarda [oda‑lar‑da] in the rooms odadayım [oda‑da‑yım] I am in the room For the plural we have added two suffixes ‑ler (Plural Suffix) and ‑de (Static Location Suffix) or ‑lar and ‑da and tagged them together to make one word in Turkish. Movement Away Suffix (Ablative) "‑den/‑dan, ‑ten/‑tan, ‑nden/‑ndan" The suffix ‑den or ‑dan from, by, via, through. This suffix show movement from a location. adamdan [adam‑dan] from the man adamlardan [adam‑lar‑da] from the men kediden [kedi‑den] from the cat kedilerden [kedi‑ler‑den] from the cats evden [ev‑den] from home evlerden [ev‑ler‑den] from the houses kapıdan [kapı‑dan] from the door kapılardan [kapı‑lar‑dan] from the doors köprüden [köprü‑den] from the bridge köprülerden [köprü‑ler‑den] from the bridges odadan [oda‑dan] from the room odalardan [oda‑lar‑dan] from the rooms For the plural we have added two suffixes ‑ler (Plural Suffix) and ‑den (Movement Away Suffix) or ‑lar and ‑dan and tagged them altogether to make one word in Turkish. The Suffix of Ownership (Genitive Case) The form of the ownership suffix is: ‑in or ‑nin (using buffer letter ‑n‑ when added to words which already end in a vowel) meaning of, belonging to. This suffix is used for ownership. It is also used as part of the Possessive Relationship . ( Ch. 11) The sign of the Ownership Condition suffix is ‑in which is added to the noun, singular, plural or extended forms. It is subject to Vowel Harmony, the Vowel Harmonized forms become ‑in ‑ın ‑ün ‑un of , belonging to. A sole exception su water. The translation for of the water is not "sunun", but suyun with the exceptional buffer letter ‑y which is always used with the word su water. This exception also applies to the Possessed Case you cannot say for Fruit Juice "Meyve Susu" as the buffer letter ‑y‑ is always used with the word su water. Meyve Suyu is the correct way to say "Fruit Juice". Formation of the Ownership Suffix The suffix ‑in ‑ın ‑un ‑ün is added to the noun. ev, evler house, houses evin [ev‑in] the house's, of the house evlerin [ev‑ler‑in] the houses', of the houses evimin [ev‑im‑in] my house's, of my house evlerimin [ev‑ler‑im‑in] my houses', of my houses evinin [ev‑in‑in] your house's, of your house evlerinin [ev‑ler‑in‑in] your houses', of your houses memurun [memur‑un] the official's, of the official memurların [memur‑lar‑ın] the officials', of the officials gözün [göz‑ün] the eye's, of the eye gözlerimin [göz‑ler‑im‑in] my eyes', of my eyes akşamın [akşam‑ın] the evening's, of the evening akşamların [akşam‑lar‑ın] the evenings', of the evenings tavuk chicken tavuğun [tavuğ‑un] the chicken's, of the chicken tavukların [tavuk‑lar‑ın] the chickens', of the chickens bakkalın [bakkal‑ın] the grocer's, of the grocer bakkalların [bakkal‑lar‑ın] the grocers', of the grocers The Plural Suffix is added as the first suffix. The Possessive Adjective is added secondly, and finally the Ownership Suffix indicating Possession. The Ownership Suffix Nouns ending in Vowels The Suffix changes to ‑nin/‑nın/‑nun/‑nün of or belonging to using buffer ‑n‑ in order to keep two vowels apart. kedinin [kedi‑n‑in] of the cat, the cat's kedisinin [kedi‑si‑n‑in] of his cat, his cat's onun kedilerinin [kedi‑ler‑in‑in] of his cats, his cats' onların kedilerinin [kedi‑leri‑n‑in] of their cat/of their cats, their cat's/cats' bankanın [banka‑n‑ın] the bank's, of the bank bankasının [banka‑sı‑n‑ın] his bank's, of his bank köprünün [köprü‑n‑ün] the bridge's, of the bridge All suffixes, except the ‑li containing suffix, are written apart from any Proper Name which begins with a capital letter. Ali 'nin [Ali‑'n‑in] Ali's, of Ali Londra 'nın [Londra‑'n‑ın] London's, of London The Ownership Suffix with Extended words (already suffixed) The suffix ‑in ‑ın ‑ün ‑un of, belonging to always takes buffer letter ‑n‑ to become ‑nin ‑nın ‑nün ‑nun when added either to a root word or to an extended word which ends in a vowel. kedinin [kedi‑nin] the cat's kedisinin [kedi‑si‑nin] his cat's, of his cat bankanın of the bank bankasının of his bank arabanın the car's arabasının his car's, of his car Ali 'nin Ali's, of Ali Ayşe 'nin Ayshe's, of Ayshe köprünün of the bridge köprülerinin of their bridge(s) The suffix ‑in always becomes ‑nin whether suffixed to a Simple Noun or to an already suffixed noun. The With Condition "ile, ‑le/‑la, ‑yle/‑yla" The Suffix ‑le ‑la with, and, also. The word for with in Turkish is ile. This is one word which can stand on its own after the word it modifies. In which case it does not follow vowel harmony rules but is always written and spoken ile. Mehmed ile [Mehmed ile] with Mehmet or Mehmet'le [Mehmet‑'le] with Mehmet gözlerim ile [gözler‑im ile] with my eyes or gözlerimle [gözler‑im‑le] with my eyes domuzla [domuz‑la] with the pig or domuz ile [domuz ile] with a (any) pig domuzuyla [domuz‑u‑yla] with the/his pig or domuzu ile [domuz‑u ile] with the/his pig arkadaşınla [arkadaş‑ın‑la] with your friend or arkadaşın ile [arkadaş‑ın ile] with your friend Using "ile" with words which end in a vowel. When adding ile to words that end in a vowel the initial letter ‑i of ‑ile changes to a buffer letter ‑y in order to keep two vowels apart, thus the forms ‑yla and ‑yle are used. paltosuyla [palto‑su‑yla] with his overcoat bir arabayla [bir araba‑yla] with a car kediyle [kedi‑yle] with the cat kedisiyle [kedi‑si‑yle] with his cat iskemleyle [iskemle‑yle] with the chair eliyle [el‑i‑yle] with his hand elleriyle [eller‑i‑yle] with his hands babasıyla [baba‑sı‑yla] with his father If the suffixed form is used then it changes to ‑yle ‑yla after vowels. Whether to use ile as stand alone or as a suffix is a free choice of the speaker or writer, but there is no change in the meaning. The Containing Condition ‑li ‑lı ‑lü ‑lu The Suffix ‑li ‑lı ‑lü ‑lu originating from, furnished with, place of This suffix gives the sense of belonging to something or somewhere. It is used with place names, especially to say where one is from. The ‑li suffix is not separated from a Proper Noun by an apostrophe as other suffixes generally are "Londra'lı" would be incorrect Londralı is correct. Londralı [Londra‑lı] a Londoner Londralılar [Londra‑lı‑lar] Londoners İstanbullu [İstanbul‑lu] an Istanbuli İstanbullular [İstanbul‑lu‑lar] Istanbulis İngiltereliyim [İngiltere‑li‑yim] I am English Bolulu [Bolu‑lu] a person from Bolu Çinli [Çin‑li] a Chinese Man (China‑man) This suffix also gives the sense of belonging to something or somewhere. It is widely used with place names, especially to say where one is from: İngiltereliyim. I am from England. Mançesterliyim. I come from Manchester. Nerelisiniz? Where (exactly) are you from? An Actual Example of the "containing" suffix. Here i